中国各省环境效率及环境效率幻觉分析

为了更准确地了解我国经济发展质量,深刻理解环境效率的含义,本文以全新视角对中国各省环境效率进行测量、分析。首先,基于中国各省农业和工业生产要素投入、期望产出和非期望产出,利用二次型方向性距离函数和收益函数的对偶关系,测算2011年至2013年中国大陆31个省份污染物的影子价格。其次,利用影子价格衡量污染物减排边际成本的优点,根据世界可持续发展工商理事会(WBCSD)提出的环境效率测度公式,研究各省的环境负荷、环境效率,针对环境效率在衡量经济发展质量过程中的缺陷,提出环境效率幻觉概念,结合二者对全国各省进行综合评判,结果表明:全国范围内的各省环境效率值基本呈逐年递增趋势;整体上环境效率值在东中西部呈递减,但东北各省的环境效率值已普遍低于西南各省,且差距有扩大的趋势;出现环境效率幻觉的省份较少,但随着经济"新常态"的出现,其数量在增加。再次,利用环境效率的上升和环境效率幻觉的下降判断,中国仅二分之一的省份环境质量在真正好转。最后,环境效率影响因素的分析表明:全国范围内,产业结构、人均收入以及对外贸易水平与环境效率正相关,政府规制与环境效率负相关,对各地区的影响却呈现出较大差异;政府规制在东部和中部地区对环境效率具有促进作用,且东部大于中部,而西部地区却存在负效应;产业结构在中部和西部地区对环境效率具有积极的促进作用,且西部大于中部,但是东部地区却存在着负效应;对外贸易的继续增加对东中部地区环境效率具有消极的影响,且东部大于中部,对西部地区环境效率有积极的促进作用。

Analysis of provincial eco-efficiency and eco-efficiency illusion in China

In order to get more accurate acknowledgement of China's economic development quality, and more precise understanding of Eco-efficiency, the measurement of provincial eco-efficiency has been done in a completely new perspective, and thoroughly analyzed in this paper.First, based on the factor input, desirable output and undesirable output of agriculture and industry of each province in China, the shadow prices of pollution of China's 31 provinces from year 2011 to 2013 were figured out by applying the dual relationship of quadratic form directional distance function and profit function.Second, taking the advantage of the shadow prices, combining with the eco-efficiency formula proposed by WBCSD, environmental load and eco-efficiency were studied and the concept of illusion of eco-efficiency is proposed against the defects in calculation.Results showed that: nationwide provincial eco-efficiency value was in a trend of growth, eco-efficiency was in a trend of decline from eastern to western of China, but all eco-efficiencies of northeastern provinces were generally lower than the southwestern provinces and the gap had a tendency to expand.Eco-efficiency illusion existed in several provinces, but with the emergence of the 'new normal' economy, the number was increasing.Third, based on the judgement combining rising eco-efficiency and decreasing eco-efficiency illusion, only half of the provinces' environmental qualities had really improved.Finally, the influential factors of eco-efficiency were considered.In the whole, there was a positive relation between industrial structure, average income per person, outward trade level and eco-efficiency, while a negative relation existed between government regulation and eco-efficiency.However, different provinces showed a great difference among the influence of government regulation, industrial structure and the outward trade level.Government regulation promoted the eco-efficiency in east and middle regions, and eco-efficiency in eastern region was better than that in middle region, while there is a negative effect in western region.Industrial structure had a positive effect to eco-efficiency in middle region and western region, and western region had a better performance than middle region, but there is a negative effect in eastern region.Outward trade level had a negative effect to the eco-efficiency in eastern and middle region, and eastern region was worse than middle region, but there is a positive effect to western region.