邻避型PPP项目的运营模式与居民环境行为研究

运营模式的科学设计以及居民环境行为的有效管理是邻避型PPP项目能否成功的关键。针对邻避项目存在的低收益和居民环境行为转变难两大问题,本文基于计算实验理论与方法构建邻避型PPP项目的运营模式与居民环境行为模型。通过对利益相关主体的社会属性与行为变化规律分析,进而设计运营商、政府、居民和从业人员等主体的计算实验交互规则。模型与计算实验研究了邻避型PPP项目的运营状态和居民环境行为在自负盈亏与统一价格、最小收益保证与统一价格、固定收益率与统一价格、自负盈亏与阶梯价格、最小收益保证与阶梯价格、最小收益保证与阶梯价格以及固定收益率与阶梯价格等六种情景下的演变规律。研究发现:(1)阶梯价格能在短期内改善邻避型PPP项目的运营状况,统一价格机制更有利于项目长远发展。(2)自负盈亏并不是邻避型PPP项目的一个理想方案,收益担保是一个相对稳妥可行的选择,而固定收益率是一个对政府财政有高要求的优化模式,可优化居民环境行为并降低PPP项目的邻避效应。(3)自负盈亏模式下运营商无心开展环境教育和提高从业人员待遇,固定收益率模式有利于推行环境教育并提高从业人员待遇。(4)邻避型PPP项目的环境投入-环境意愿-环境行为之间存在时滞效应。这意味着,较难通过收益模式与价格机制的调整实现系统的最优化,市场的力量无法协调邻避型PPP项目目前存在的矛盾与冲突,需要政府统一管理价格并保证社会资本的回报。同时,改善居民环境行为和管理邻避项目是一个复杂系统工程,需要有系统的筹划与长期时间的积累。

Operating mode and residential environmental behavior of NIMBY PPP projects

The scientific design of operating mode and the effective management of residential environmental behavior are key to the success of NIMBY PPP projects.Aiming at the low-income of NIMBY projects and the difficulty of control residential environments behavior,the operating mode and residential environmental behavior model of NIMBY PPP project is built based on the theory and method of computational experiment.Experiment rules of residents,operators,practitioners and government are designed through the analysis of the social attributes and behavior change laws of stakeholder.The dynamic evolution laws of project operational status and residential environmental behavior are explored in six scenarios that are self-financing and unified price,minimum revenue guarantee and unified price,fixed income securities-bond rate and unified price,self-financing and ladder price,minimum revenue guarantee and ladder price,fixed income securities-bond rate and ladder price.The result shows that:①The ladder pricing mode can improve the operation in a short term,but the unified price mechanism is more conducive to the long-term development.②The self-financing mode is not an ideal scheme,the minimum revenue guarantee model is a relatively adaptable and feasible solution,and the fixed income securities-bond rate model is an optimization alternative that has higher requirements for government finance.③Operators are unwilling to carry out environmental education and improve employees treatment under self-financing mode.However,the fixed income securities-bond rate mode is promote to implementation of environmental education and improvement of employees treatment.④There is lag effect of environment investment,resident environment will and environmental behavior.This means that,it is difficult to optimize system through adjustment of income mode and price mechanism.The market forces cannot coordinate contradictions and collisions in NIMBY PPP projects that requiring the government to manage price and guarantee the return of social capital.Furthermore,it reflects the residential environmental behavior improvement and NIMBY PPP projects management is a complex system engineering that needs systematic planning and long-term accumulation.