退耕还林(草)的生态补偿机制完善研究——以西部黄土高原地区为例

生态补偿措施是退耕还林（草）工程顺利进行的重要保障。以退耕还林（草）在黄土高原地区的实施情况为例，通过问卷调查，应用生态经济学的相关理论进行分析，认为应从以下几个方面完善退耕还林（草）工程的生态补偿机制：首先，建立退耕还林（草）的补偿组织体系；其次。以退耕还林（草）所造成的农民机会成本的损失来确定补偿标准。根据工程的进程和资金的投入情况．可将生态补偿划分为基本补偿、产业结构调整补偿和生态效益外溢补偿三个阶段；第三，根据产业结构调整取得显著成效所需的时间来确定补偿年限；最后提出退耕还林（草）的补偿方式及可能的资金渠道来源。生态补偿计量方法的研究将是今后研究的重点和难点。

On the Improvement of Ecological Compensation System for Turning Cultivated Land back into Forests and Grasslands——A Case Study in the Loess Plateau, Western China

The national project of turning cultivated land back into forests and grasslands(TCFG) has been carried out for several years in West China.Bringing about many ecological benefits to China,the project has also encountered some problems mainly concerning the ecological compensation system and related policies.These problems have to be dealt with timely,for they have already hindered the progress of the project.Beginning with an elaboration on the functions of ecological compensation for TCFG,taking the Loess Plateau for example,this paper discusses the necessity and the process of setting up an ecological compensation system for this ecological construction project.There should be four steps in the establishment of a perfect ecological compensation system.The first step is setting up a framework of ecological compensation system.The second is formulating a set of reasonable compensation standards,which should be based on Opportunity Cost Theory.To assign the compensation level based on opportunity costs of TCFG,ecological compensation can be divided into three phases,including the reparations for farmers' direct loss of losing the cultivated land and their investments,the allowances,key part of the compensation,for farmers' transforming and adjusting their agricultural production structure,and the transfer payments for their maintaining the ecological services provided by the newly grown up forests and grasslands.The third step is about the duration of compensation time;it must be long enough until the remarkable effects of adjusting agricultural production structure have emerged.And the last step is putting forwards the ways of finacing and possible source of the compensation.