山岳景区依托型乡村旅游就业吸附的空间特征

乡村振兴战略和乡村产业转型发展背景下,休闲旅游产业在乡村地域的兴起扰动了当前就业人口由乡村向城镇流动的宏观趋势,乡村旅游就业吸附正从微观上改变着城乡间劳动力空间流动的格局和过程。为科学理解乡村旅游就业吸附引起城乡劳动力空间流动发生变化的特征与机制,文章基于在浙晋山岳景区依托型乡村旅游地深度访谈的一手数据,分析了乡村旅游就业人口流动的空间分布特征、就业吸附的空间模式和过程机制。结果表明:①山岳景区依托型乡村旅游就业吸附呈现距离衰减和空间层级结构的特征,0~4 km为核心层、4~12 km为过渡层、12 km以上为外缘层;但在不同社会经济发展环境下该特征存在区域差异,欠发达地区乡村旅游就业吸附的空间集中性,比发达地区更加明显。②研究从城乡地域空间系统的视角,基于人口转移“推—拉”理论对乡村旅游就业人口空间流动特征和影响机制进行分析,发现山岳景区依托型乡村旅游就业吸附呈现以城镇、乡村为就业吸附极,以城乡接合部为吸附效用“分水岭”的空间模式;其中,连接城乡间的便捷交通是乡村旅游就业吸附实现的关键介质。③基于乡村旅游就业吸附空间适用性,文章针对性提出了“空间围栏效应”的概念。文章不仅从微观尺度上丰富了乡村旅游就业人口空间流动特征、过程、模式等的理论认识,而且对切实指导乡村地域在乡村旅游开发实践中理性理解乡村旅游的就业促进作用,提升乡村旅游开发规划和投资的效率具有积极意义。

Spatial characteristics of rural tourism employment promotion in mountainous areas

With the promotion of rural vitalization and industrial upgrading in China’s rural areas,increasing tourism and leisure activities in rural tourism destinations are having a profound impact on the macro trend of workforce mobility from rural areas to urban areas.Furthermore,rural tourism employment promotion is changing the spatial pattern and process of workforce mobility between the rural and urban areas from a micro perspective.To scientifically learn the characteristics,spatial pattern and mechanism of rural tourism employment promotion,this paper conducted a series of in-depth field interviews with employees in the rural tourism industry,and explored their mobility and the influence of rural tourism on their work in two mountainous scenic spots,respectively in the developed Zhejiang Province and the underdeveloped Shanxi Province.This study found that:①Firstly,rural tourism employment promotion showed characteristics of a decaying trend with the distance increasing and a spatial hierarchical structure.Specifically,the zone within 0~4km away from scenic spots was the core layer of rural tourism employment,while that within 4~12km was the transitional layer and areas beyond 12km the peripheral layer.But it presented differences under different social and economic environments,and the underdeveloped areas took more significant spatial cluster features,compared with the developed areas;②The paper studied the feature of rural tourism employee mobility and its mechanism from the perspective of rural and urban spatial system,based on the“Push-Pull”theory in demography.The results showed that the spatial pattern of rural tourism employment promotion took the rural and urban areas as mobility cores,while the rural-urban fringe areas acted as the watershed of rural tourism employee mobility.Specifically,convenient transportation connecting those core areas played a critical role in the employment promotion of rural tourism in the study areas;③The Spatial Enclosure Effect was proposed to discuss the spatial suitability of rural tourism employment promotion and workforce mobility.It is hoped that the findings of this study can enrich the theoretical knowledge on the feature,process and model of rural tourism employment promotion from a micro perspective,help the rural areas reasonably understand the real influence of rural tourism,and make a contribution to the improvement of the efficiency of rural tourism planning and investment.