农业面源污染现状与防治进展

通过对国内外农业面源污染研究资料的分析,认为农业面源污染的形式主要有:化肥污染、农药污染、农膜污染、秸秆燃烧污染、养殖业污染及水土流失等。农业面源污染导致了土地退化,在全世界不同程度退化的12亿hm2耕地中,约12%由农业面源污染引起;是河流和湖泊的重要污染源,导致美国40%的河流和湖泊水质不合格;是引起地表水氮、磷富营养化的主要因素,欧洲国家由农业面源污染排放的磷为地表水污染总负荷的24%-71%;中国的农业面源污染造成的水体氮、磷富营养化也显著超过来自城市的生活点源污染和工业点源污染。提出目前比较好的防治措施有:最佳农田管理措施、植被过滤带和人工湿地。建议我国控制农业面源污染必须从政策和法律上对农业生产活动进行规范,采用先进的理论和技术实行源头控制,并辅助以过程控制和末端控制。

Current Situation and Control of Agricultural Non-point Source Pollution

Through analysis on research documents and references about agricultural non-point source pollution in China and abroad, the article concluded that agricultural non-point source pollutes included chemical fertilizers, pesticides, agricultural film, straw combustion, animal husbandry, and soil and water erosion, etc. Arable land were degraded by agricultural non-point source pollution. There were 12% of 1.2 billon hm~2 degraded arable land were caused by agricultural non-point source pollution in the world. Agricultural non-point source pollution was the main polluted source of rivers and lakes, and caused that 40% of rivers and lakes were not qualified for the basic use in America. Agricultaral non-point source pollution was also the main reason of P and N eutrophication for water bodies. P discharged from agricultaral non-point source pollution took account of 24%-71% of the total ground water in European countries. Pollution from agricultural non-point sources were more serious than that from urban and industrial point source pollution in China. The best farmland management, constructed wetlands, and vegetation filter were believed as effective measures for agricultural non-point source pollution controlling. It was proposed that in China agricultural activities should be standardized by policies and laws, headwater pollution control with advanced theories and technology should be used at first, and pollution control in middle and lower reaches should be used as assistance.