“竞争申请制”:可持续发展政策试点与央地关系重构

可持续发展目标(SDGs)的提出,开启了人类可持续发展领域最宏大的政策实验,也为开展国际视野的比较公共政策研究提供了难得机遇。执行SDGs及国家可持续发展政策需要处理好中央政府与地方政府间关系,而政策试点是协调这一关系的重要政策工具。已有文献对经济政策试点做了较充分的研究,然而对旨在实现经济、社会与环境协调的可持续发展政策试点,现有研究尚缺乏成型理论。在复杂央地关系格局下,对于需持续投入成本且成果难以界定的可持续发展政策试点,其具有怎样的不同于经济政策试点的机制?此外,众多西方学者将美国作为政策试点研究的制度基础并视其为“民主实验室”。然而,政策试点在以中国为代表的不同体制国家中同样存在,并以多样的机制发挥作用。那么,不同国家体制内的可持续发展政策试点又有哪些异同?政策试点影响下中国既有的央地关系发生了怎样的重构?对此,本文基于最典型案例原则,选取中国与美国响应SDGs分别开展的政策试点进行比较研究。笔者识别了不同体制下试点机制的异同,指出中国基于“竞争申请制”开展的可持续发展政策试点强化了中央部委与地方政府间关系,形成了地方官员的可持续发展激励,保障了政策试点的实施。

Competitive application system: policy pilot of sustainable development and transformation of central-local relations

Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs)launches the most broaden policy experiment for human-beings ever,and provides a rare opportunity for conducting comparative policy research with an international perspective.Implementing SDGs requires the coordination of central and local governments,and policy pilot has been a wide applied mechanism for achieving this.The existing literature provides solid explanation for economic policy pilots.However,there is an absence of theories for the coordination among economy,society and environment by sustainable development.In the complicated central-local relation,what’s the distinctive mechanism for policy pilots on sustainable development?Moreover,many western scholars regard the United States as the institutional basis for policy pilot research and regard it as a‘democratic laboratory’,but policy pilots also function dynamically and variously in other countries,especially in China.Therefore,as to the policy pilots of sustainable development,what’s the difference of policy pilots in different countries?What’s the transformation under their influence on the central-local relation?This paper chooses the policy pilots in China and the United States for SDGs,according to the principle of most representativeness,to conduct comparative analysis.Based on illustrating the similarity and difference between the United States and China for policy pilots,this paper points out that China’s policy pilots of sustainable development are based on Competitive Application.It helps strengthen the relationship between central and local governments,provide incentives for local officials and ensure the implementation of policy pilots.This paper responds to many of the controversies of existing research and provides a viable‘Chinese experience’for promoting the realization of SDGs in other countries of the world.