资源型城市转型升级:压力测算与方向选择

在绿色增长理念和“分类引导、特色发展”的指导原则下,如何科学地识别资源型城市经济可持续增长的压力,从而确定未来转型升级方向,是引导资源型城市摆脱传统发展模式的关键。本文在绿色增长的理论框架下构建了资源型城市转型升级的能源节约、附加值提升和环境友好三维空间,从方向向量内生化、引入相对距离和外生权重三个方面对方向距离函数加以改进,提出资源型城市转型升级压力的测算方法,讨论了经济可持续发展的方向选择问题,进而以2008—2016年中国283个城市(包括115个资源型城市和168个非资源型城市)为样本进行了实证检验。结果发现:①资源型城市的绿色全要素生产率水平在0.4~0.5区间内,明显低于非资源型城市;②根据修正后的转型升级压力测算结果,考虑能源和环境因素后资源型城市转型升级压力巨大,80%以上处于中效区和低效区,49个城市选择单向转型,53个城市选择多向转型;③来自不同地理区位和成长阶段的测算结果表明,东部资源型城市的绿色生产率水平最高,东北地区要致力于附加值提升和节约能源,衰退型资源型城市应选择多向转型,不同主导资源型产业的城市则需因地制宜,选择差异化的转型升级策略。

The transformation and upgrading of resource-based cities:pressure measurement and direction selection

Under the guiding principles of green growth concept and“classified guidance as well as characteristic development”,how to scientifically identify the pressure of sustainable economic growth in resource-based cities in order to determine the direction of transformation and upgrading in the future is the key to lead resource-based cities to get rid of traditional modes of development.According to the theoretical framework of green economic growth,a three-dimensional model including energy conservation,added value,and friendly environment is constructed.After the modification of directional distance function in three aspects of endogenous directions,relative distance and exogenous weights,the method to estimate the pressure of transformation and upgrading in resource-based cities is proposed.And then the choices of direction related to sustainable economic development are discussed.After that,we make an empirical test using the data from 283 cities including 115 resource-based cities and 168 non-resource-based cities between 2008 and 2016.The results show that the green productivity of resource-based cities is between 0.4 and 0.5,which is significantly lower than that of non-resource-based cities.Taking energy and environment into account,we find that resource-based cities transform and upgrade with a lot of pressure,and 80 percent of resource-based cities are in the middle and low-efficiency area.Besides,49 cities select one-way transformation,while 53 cities choose multidirectional transformation.Moreover,the results from different geographic locations and growth stages illustrate that eastern resource-based cities are the greenest productive,whereas northeastern ones should focus on added value and energy conservation.Furthermore,recessionary resource-based cities should choose multidirectional transformation.Besides,differentiated strategies of transformation and upgrading should be selected between resource-based cities with different dominant resources.