鄱阳湖流域农村生活区面源污染特征及其影响

农村生活区水环境是流域水环境的重要组成部分。鄱阳湖流域是我国的重要农业生产区，农村人口众多，未经过处理的生活污水、生活垃圾和固体废弃物、分散畜禽养殖污染由于无序排放导致了鄱阳湖流域河湖水质下降，湖泊富营养化指数升高。通过采用污染物当量算法对鄱阳湖流域农村生活区面源污染估算，分析了1991~2011年农村生活污染现状及其趋势，并分析了鄱阳湖河湖水质变化趋势及其在农村生活区面源污染中的影响因子。研究结果表明：（1）1991～2011年，鄱阳湖流域农村人口、生活污染、生活垃圾和固体废弃物污染、分散畜禽养殖污染不断增加，其中农村生活污水污染物排放量、TN、TP和COD排放量增长了1268%，年平均增长量分别为036、002、1681和021万t；固体废弃物排放量、TN和TP排放量增加了1268%，年增长量分别为362、076和080万t；分散畜禽养殖污染TN、TP和COD的含量分别增长了9913%、6384%和7227%，年均增长量分别为022、003和009万t；（2）2000年以来，鄱阳湖流域河湖水质呈下降趋势，其中鄱阳湖湖泊的水质和富营养化指数下降趋势分别在001和005水平上具有显著性；（3）鄱阳湖流域农村生活区面源污染对流域水环境具有一定的影响，其中分散畜禽养殖污染的影响相对较大

STUDY ON THE CHARACTERISTICS AND IMPACT OF RURAL LIVING AREA POLLUTION IN POYANG LAKE BASIN

Rural water environment is an important part of water environment. The Poyang Lake basin is an important area of agricultural production. Because of disorder emissions of untreated Sewage, garbage and solid waste, dispersed livestock pollution, water quality deteriorates and the eutrophication index increases in the Poyang Lake basin. By using pollutants equivalent algorithm, rural area pollutions were estimated and trends were analyzed from 1991 to 2011. On the basis, the trends and impact factors of water quality were analyzed in Poyang lake basin. The results showed that from 1991 to 2011, the rural area pollutions increased in the Poyang Lake Basin. TN, TP and COD emissions from rural sewage grew 1268% respectively, and the average annual growth rates were 3 600 tons, 200 tons, 1681 tons and 2 100 tons. TN and TP emissions from solid waste emissions increased by 1268%, and the average annual growth rates were 36 200 tons, 7 600 tons and 8 000 tons. TN, TP and COD from dispersed livestock pollution increased by 9913%, 6384% and 7227% respectively, and the average annual growth rates were 2 200 tons, 300 tons and 900 tons. Since 2000, the water quality declined in Poyang Lake basin and the trends of the water quality and eutrophication index declined significantly in 001 and 005 levels. Rural living area pollution had a certain influence on the water quality in Poyang Lake basin, and dispersed livestock pollution was relatively large