我国畜禽集约化养殖环境压力及国外环境治理的启示

集约化养殖是我国畜禽产业发展的必然趋势，但畜禽集约化养殖带来的环境污染也日益严重。通过测算近10 a来的全国畜禽养殖废弃物产生总量及废弃物中氮、磷养分的排放总量，以欧盟畜禽耕地承载负荷为标准，建立畜禽粪便土地负荷警报值等级，分析得出我国全国及各区域畜禽养殖的环境压力:从近5 a全国层面看，以氮养分测算的耕地负载警报值在0.7左右，且2009~2011年的警报值已经超过07，畜禽氮养分的耕地负荷已经开始对环境产生污染威胁；而以磷肥测算的耕地负载警报值已经超过1，对环境造成了较严重的污染威胁。从2010年具体区域情况看，以氮养分测算的耕地负载警报值超过07的达到17个省份，其中河南、湖南、广东、四川污染较严重，北京的畜禽养殖氮养分环境污染已经到严重的程度；以磷养份测算的耕地负载警报值已有21个省份超过1，北京和广东的耕地负载警报值已接近3，磷养分的环境污染已很严重。最后，探讨了发达国家畜禽养殖环境压力及环境治理措施对我国的启示

ENVIRONMENTAL PRESSURE OF INTENSIVE LIVESTOCK BREEDING IN CHINA AND THE REVELATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE FROM DEVELOPED COUNTRIES

Intensive breeding is an inevitable trend in the development of livestock industries in China. Increasingly serious environmental pollution is brought by livestock intensive breeding. By calculating the total amounts of national animal matures and total emissions of nitrogen, phosphate (N,P) nutrients over the past decade, the alarm grade of livestock carrying capacity of cultivated land was established, taking EU livestock carrying capacity of cultivated land as the standard. The situation of environmental pressure of intensive livestock breeding over the past decade is analyzed. In the past five years, from a national aspect, alarm value of carrying capacity of cultivated land measured by nitrogen was about 07; the alarm value grew year by year during 2007-2009, while it remained 071 during 2009-2011. Likewise, alarm value measured by phosphorus exceeded 1, and the alarm value grew from 105 to 114. Since 2007, the state has invested substantial capital to support the constructions of intensive livestock breeding operation, including livestock waste treatment. It is found that national governance measures played a certain effect on livestock waste emission. From specific regional livestock pollution situation in 2011, most of the provinces had some pollution threat of livestock waste to the environment. The alarm value measured by nitrogen was less than 04 only in Shanxi, Heilongjiang, Shaanxi provinces, indicating basically no environmental pollutions; alarm value was between 04-07 in 11 provinces, indicating fewer pollutions to the environment. Alarm value was more than 07 within 18 provinces, of which alarm value had been over 1 in Henan, Hunan, Guangdong, Sichuan provinces. Alarm value of nitrogen reached 152 and 309 respectively in Beijing and Qinghai provinces, indicating serious environmental pollutions. The alarm value of phosphorus was less than 04 in Shanxi and Heilongjiang, indicating basically no environmental pollutions. Alarm values of 9 provinces were between 04-10, indicating some extent of environmental pollutions. There were 21 provinces had an alarm value higher than 1. The alarm value in Beijing, Guangdong, and Qinghai had been close to 3, indicating very serious phosphorus pollutions. With a combination of arable land each region, alarm values of nitrogen and phosphorus reached 3-6 in Beijing, Qinghai and Tibet, partly because these three provinces own less arable land, only between 200×103-500×103hm2. When compared with developed countries, livestock environmental governance policy requires a corresponding improvement measures in China