流域开发的外部性及其内部化

流域是地表水的集水区域。流域问题的本质是水。水是可持续发展的基础和条件，是环境与发展问题的核心。流域开发是以水资源为先导和主体的综合资源开发。实现流域经济可持续发展实质就是实现流域水资源可持续开发和利用。外部性是流域开发的基本特征，水资源的特性决定了流域开发的外部性。实现流域开发的外部性内部化是流域经济可持续发展的关键。实现流域开发外部性内部化，必须界定流域资源产权，明确流域开发主体；建立税收－补贴体系，对水资源合理定价；坚持“排污者付费原则”；建立流域水资源市场，实现水资源资产化管理。同时，政府要加强流域的管理；建立健全水资源保护与流域开发的法律体系；普及保护环境和水资源的教育，建立节水观念；支持和鼓励流域开发企业实行外部成本内部化措施；调整产业结构，深化国有企业改革。

EXTERNAL EFFECTS AND ITS INTERNALIZATION IN THE EXPLOITATION OF RIVER BASIN

River basin is the area for the water gathering of natural rivers. Water is the base and condition of sustainable development. It is the core of the problem of environment and development. The essence of the problems about river basin is water. The exploitation of river basin is the comprehensive resources development economy with natural river basins as its units and water resources as guided subjects. The substance of realizing the sustainable development of the economy of river basin is to exploit and use the water resource in river basin sostenuto. The basic trait of the exploitation of river basin is external effects. The characteristics of water resource decides the external effects of the exploitation of river basin. The key of the sustainable development of river basin economy is to realize the internalization of the external effects. For that purpose it is necessary to make a clear distinction in the property right of the resource of river basin and definitude the owner of the exploitation of river basin,to set up the system of tax and subsidy,to make the price of water in reason,to stick to the polluter pays principle, establish the market of the basin water resource. Simultaneously, the government must strengthen the management of river basin, establish and consummate the jurisprudence in protecting water resource and exploitation of river basin,have prevalent the idea of saving water, sustain and encourage the enterprises in the exploitation of river basin to carry out the measures of realizing the internalization of the external cost, modulate the structure of industry and deepen the reform of the state owned enterprises.