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洞庭湖渔业水域氮磷时空分布分析
引用本文:王崇瑞,李鸿,袁希平.洞庭湖渔业水域氮磷时空分布分析[J].长江流域资源与环境,2013,22(7):928-936.
作者姓名:王崇瑞  李鸿  袁希平
作者单位:(1 湖南省水产科学研究所,湖南 长沙 410153;; 2 农业部长江中上游渔业资源环境科学观测实验站,中国水产科学院长江水产研究所,湖北 武汉 430223)
基金项目:农业部长江中上游渔业资源环境重点野外科学观测试验站开放课题
摘    要:根据2000~2011 年对洞庭湖渔业环境监测数据,对东洞庭湖、南洞庭湖、西洞庭湖和三江口4 个不同渔业水域的总氮、总磷、氨氮和硝酸盐氮浓度的时空分布进行分析。结果表明:(1)洞庭湖总氮、总磷、氨氮和硝酸盐氮浓度均值分别为143±041、009±003、032±005和063±011 mg/L,总氮最大值为2009 年5 月丰水期东洞庭湖的鹿角采样点,为480 mg/L,总磷最大值为2008 年1 月枯水期鹿角采样点,为0417 mg/L,分析得知,所有采样点中鹿角采样点较其它采样点污染严重;(2)洞庭湖氮、磷浓度年均值间差异性显著(P<005),除总磷变化规律不明显外,总氮、氨氮和硝酸盐氮的年浓度均值总体呈上升趋势,与此同时,洞庭湖在丰水期、平水期和枯水期的氮、磷浓度均值间也存在显著性差异(P<005),平水期总氮平均浓度最高,枯水期总磷浓度均值最高;(3)东洞庭湖、南洞庭湖、西洞庭湖和三江口4 个湖区氮磷浓度均值间也存在显著性差异(P<005),总氮、总磷和硝酸盐氮均值以三江口最高,氨氮均值以东洞庭湖最高,主要受城市污水和工业污水影响严重;(4)面源污染是洞庭湖主要污染方式,也是造成洞庭湖水体富营养化程度加剧的主要因素,面源污染占洞庭湖污染总量的94%~99%,主要包括农业污染、城市生活污水和畜牧水产养殖业污染;点源污染占洞庭湖污染总量的1%~6%,主要为工业污水和城市生活污水的排放,虽然排放量相对于面源污染较小,但是工业污水含有高浓度的有毒物质,且瞬时排放量大,很容易造成渔业污染事故,严重时会影响到人类的健康;(5)参照《地表水质量标准》(GB3838 2002)中的水质分类标准,所有监测年份中,仅2000 年水质为III 类,其它年份水质类型多为IV 类,部分年份为V 类,推断洞庭湖渔业水域大部分处于中度污染状态,部分湖区处于重度污染,根据《渔业水质标准》和鱼类对水环境质量的需求,洞庭湖水质不利于鱼类繁殖、早期发育、索饵和越冬等行为,势必会造成洞庭湖渔业资源的衰退

关 键 词:洞庭湖      渔业环境

TEMPORAL-SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS IN FISHERY WATERS OF THE DONGTING LAKE
WANG Chong-rui,LI Hong,YUAN Xi-ping.TEMPORAL-SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS IN FISHERY WATERS OF THE DONGTING LAKE[J].Resources and Environment in the Yangtza Basin,2013,22(7):928-936.
Authors:WANG Chong-rui  LI Hong  YUAN Xi-ping
Institution:(1 Hunan Fisheries Institute| Changsha |410153| China|2 Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of ; Fishery Resources and Environment in the Upper and Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River| Ministry of Agriculture|; Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute| Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences| Wuhan 430223| China)
Abstract:The Dongting Lake located in north of Hunan Province and south bank of middle reaches of the Yangtze River is the 2nd largest freshwater lake in China.It not only is the important fishery water, but also the precious fishery genetic resources center. Over the past few decades, as the human population growth,development of industry and agriculture, and the acceleration of urbanization, the extent of pollution in the Dongting Lake is also increased. Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) are the two most important elements in natural water bodies, because N and P can directly influence the primary productivity of water bodies, then the aquatic community will be changed.This article is based on the 2000 2011 monitoring data of the Dongting Lake fishery environment to analyze the temporal spatial distribution of total nitrogen(TN), total phosphorus(TP), ammonia(NH3- N) and nitrate nitrogen(NO3- N) concentrations in different fishery waters of the Dongting Lake. The results show as follows. (1) In the Dongting Lake, the mean concentration of TN, TP, NH3- N and NO3- N were 143±041 mg/L, 009±003 mg/L, 032±005 mg/L and 063±011mg/L, respectively.The maximum of TN was 480 mg/L, appeared at Lujiao sampling point in May of 2009,and the maximum of TP was 0417 mg/L, appeared at Lujiao sampling point in January of 2008. (2)One way ANOVA results of mean annual concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus between 2000 and 2011 showed that the differences were significant (P<005).Except for TP, mean annual concentration of TN, NH3- N and NO3- N showed the rising trend, and the differences of mean concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus during low water period, wet season and median water period were also significant(P<005).The mean concentration of TN at median water period and TP at low water period were both the highest.(3) Simultaneously,the differences of mean concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus on spatial distribution were also significant (P<005).The maximum of mean concentration of TN, TP and NO3- N appeared at SanJiangkou, and the maximum of mean concentration of NH3- N appeared at the East Dongting Lake According to reports in the literature and actuality analysis, the industrial waste water and municipal sewage were the greatest sources of pollution in Sanjiangkou area and the East Dongting Lake.(4) Non point pollutant source which accounted 94%~99% of the total amount of pollutant for the Dongting Lake was the major way, also the main factors to enhance the Dongting Lake water eutrophication. The non point pollutant source mainly included agricultural pollution, urban sewage, animal husbandry and aquaculture pollution.(5)During all of the monitoring years, the water quality,based on Peoples Republic of China Surface Water Environment Quality Standards(GB3838 2002),was defined as III only in 2000, and defined as IV in most of the other years,and as V in parts of those years. According to The Water Quality Standards of Fisheries and the demands of fish for the environment of water quality, the water environment of the Dongting Lake was in the state of medium pollution,which was not suitable to fish breeding, early development, feeding, wintering and the other life behaviour
Keywords:Dongting Lake  nitrogen  phosphorus  aquatic environment
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