跨区域流域生态补偿标准核算——基于成本收益双视角

合理的补偿标准是流域生态补偿的核心,也是激励生态系统服务提供者积极性、体现生态系统服务改善价值、实现区域协同发展的关键内容.基于成本收益双视角,以渭河流域为例,运用全成本法和选择实验法测算了流域生态系统服务保护的成本收益,进一步借助鲁宾斯坦议价模型核算跨区域生态补偿标准.结果表明:(1)为改善流域生态环境,上游甘肃省的直接治理成本约为35021.27万元/a,间接成本约为107112.26万元/a,全成本约为142133.53万元/a;(2)流域生态系统服务改善能够为中下游陕西省带来的收益为252912.96万元;(3)在流域生态系统服务保护成本收益明确的前提下,若上游地区在协商中具有完全耐心或中下游地区完全没有耐心,则上游获得全部净收益,补偿标准为252912.96万元/a;若上游地区完全没有耐心,且当中下游耐心程度(贴现因子)为0.5时,则双方将均分净收益,即补偿标准为197523.25万元/a.总的来看,研究对流域生态系统服务保护的成本收益分析及跨区域生态补偿标准核算提供了可行思路,实际应用中可根据具体情况合理设定议价双方贴现因子进行灵活处理.

Transboundary River Basin Ecological Compensation Standard Accounting: Based on Cost-Benefit Perspective

Reasonable compensation standard is the core of watershed ecological compensation, and it is also the key content of stimulating the enthusiasm of ecosystem service providers, reflecting the value of ecosystem service improvement and realizing regional coordinated development. Based on the cost-benefit perspective and taking Wei River Basin as an example, this paper calculates the cost-benefit of ecosystem service protection by using the full-cost method and choice experiment respectively, and then calculates the ecological compensation standard by using Rubinstein bargaining model. The results show that: (1) in order to improve the ecological condition of the river basin, the direct cost of Gansu Province in the upper reaches is about 350.212 7 million yuan /year, the indirect cost is about 1 071.122 6 million yuan /year, and the full cost is about 1 421.335 3 million yuan /year; (2) the benefits of improving the ecosystem services in the river basin can be 2 529.129 6 million yuan for Shaanxi Province in the middle and lower reaches; (3) on the premise of cost-benefit of ecosystem service protection, if upstream area has complete patience or downstream area has no patience at all, upstream area will get all net income, and the compensation standard is 2 529.129 6 million yuan /year; if upstream area is completely impatient and the patient level (discount factor) of middle and downstream area is 0.5, both sides will share the net income equally, that is, the compensation standard is 1 975.232 5 million yuan /year. Generally speaking, this study provides a feasible idea for cost-benefit analysis of ecosystem services protection and transboundary ecological compensation standard accounting. In practical application, discount factors can be reasonably set for both sides of the bargaining process according to specific conditions.