上海浦东东滩鸟类栖息地生态修复区的水鸟群落变化

河口和海岸带自然湿地的大量退化与丧失导致了迁徙路线上水鸟栖息地的大量减少，从而加剧了迁徙水鸟种群数量的下降，一般认为，栖息地修复能够缓解上述过程。于2010年、2012年对位于上海浦东东滩的鸟类栖息地生态修复区和自然退化区（对照样地）进行调查，比较两个区域的水鸟群落结构差异与年际变化，研究生态修复区的水鸟群落变化并评价其在水鸟保育方面的作用。结果表明：生态修复区的水鸟种类、数量和物种多样性均极显著高于自然退化区，而均匀度与自然退化区无显著差异；生态修复区2012年水鸟种类显著低于2010年，而水鸟数量、物种多样性和均匀度均无显著差异；自然退化区2012年水鸟种类、数量和物种多样性均极显著低于2010年，而均匀度无显著差异。生态修复区通过营造浅滩、浅水区、深水区等多样化生境，为迁徙水鸟提供了重要的补充栖息地，对水鸟保育工作起到了积极作用

CHANGES IN THE WATERBIRD COMMUNITY OF THE ECOLOGICAL RESTORED WETLANDS IN PUDONG DONGTAN,SHANGHAI

Pudong Dongtan, a vital stopover site for migratory waterbirds and wintering site for waterfowls, has experienced two large scale reclamations during last two decades, resulting in degradation of natural wetland and loss of biodiversity. Degradation wetlands were restored to compensate for the loss of natural wetlands. We carried out waterbird surveys in the ecological restored wetland and natural degraded wetland as a reference site in 2010 and 2012 to assess the effects of wetland restoration on waterbird communities. In our survey, a total number of 9,657 waterbirds corresponding to 49 species, 6 orders and 12 families were counted in the ecological restored wetland in 2010 and 2012. The dominant species are the Spot billed Duck (Anas poecilorhyncha), Falcated Duck (Anas falcata) and Wigeon (Anas penelope). In the natural degraded wetland, 917 waterbirds were observed, which corresponded to 28 species, 6 orders and 9 families. The dominant species are the little gre be (Tachybaptus ruficollis), Common Moorhen (Gallinula chloropus) and Black winged Stilt (Himantopus himantopus). The waterbird diversity, the numbers of species and individuals in the ecological restored wetland are significantly higher than those in the natural degraded wetland, however, the significant difference was not observed in evenness. These results may be caused by the following reasons. Under the human management, diverse habitats were constructed to attract various waterbirds in the ecological restored wetland, whereas the less water surface area, mudflat area and the higher vegetation coverage were observed in the natural degraded wetland. The waterbird species number in the ecological restored wetland in 2012 was significantly lower than that in 2010, however, no significant difference in the waterbird diversity, evenness and the numbers of individuals were noted in 2010 and 2012. In the natural degraded wetland, the waterbird diversity, the numbers of species and individuals in 2012 were significantly lower than those in 2010, whereas no significant difference was noted in the evenness in 2010 and 2012. It is because that there are no obvious change in environment factors including water level, percentage of water area, the percentage of mudflat, vegetation coverage and human disturbance in the ecological restored wetland between 2010 and 2012 through vegetation management and water level control, whereas there are large changes appearing in the natural degraded wetland at the same time. In the addition, for without human management, the water level change in the natural degraded wetland was only decided by the amount of rainfall and the natural degraded wetland had been experiencing a rapid drought process, which was unable to meet the various needs of migratory waterbirds seasonally. In conclusion, the ecological restored wetland, as an alternative habitat to compensate for natural wetland loss, plays an active role in waterbird diversity conservation. We expected that our findings help protect the waterbird diversity effectively and provide waterbirds with important stop foraging and wintering sites in the coastal area of the Yangtze River