铝对人体健康的影响

论述了环境中铝污染的来源及铝对人体健康的影响,讨论了铝的致毒机理和铝污染的防治方法。     

环境污染对人体健康的影响

从大气污染、水污染、噪声污染、土壤污染及室内空气污染等方面，简述了环境污染与人体健康的关系，较全面地分析了环境污染物的种类、来源及其对人体健康的危害性．     

液体节煤固硫添加剂对锅炉排污的影响研究

通过对在同一种原煤上使用液体节煤固硫添加剂前、后锅炉废气的对比测试,分析了加入添加剂后锅炉排放废气中烟尘粒径、烟尘浓度、二氧化硫、氮氧化物浓度等变化的原因及趋势。结果表明,在使用液体节煤固硫添加剂后,锅炉排放废气中烟尘、二氧化硫浓度均有显著降低,氮氧化物浓度基本不变,排放烟尘粒径呈现由较大向较小转化的趋势。     

氰化物对人体健康影响的调查

为了解某县供销恒温库职工家中所养金鱼在同一段时间内相继死去的原因，对死鱼样及该库饮用水井水样、自来水样、附近炼金厂废水排污口下游２０、５０、７０ｍ处的废水样进行了分析，结果显示，各水样氰化物一均严重超标，死鱼体内检出大量的氰化物，证实金鱼死亡是饮用了高含氰水所致；同时对受害组和对照组的职工作自学症状调查和体检，结果表明，两组职工在自觉症状上有显著差异，在肝脾肿大，血红蛋白增多及红细胞增多方面有极显     

城市环境铅污染及其对人体健康的影响

综述了城市土壤和大气环境中铅的污染特征及食品和饮水中的铅污染水平,探讨了人体铅暴露的途径及城市环境铅污染对儿童健康的危害.提出应加强城市环境铅污染的调查研究,开展人体铅暴露的潜在风险评价,为保证城市居民健康安全提供科学依据.     

环境铅污染来源及其对人体健康的影响

详细分析了铅对环境和人体的污染途径,指出人为排放到空气中的铅对人体健康的影响,介绍了目前上海和其它地区儿童血铅水平,得出燃油机动车无铅化已刻不容缓,最后介绍了国外铅污染的状况及发展趋势。     

室内甲醛污染及对人体健康的影响

通过对三种不同类型居室内甲醛监测表明,甲醛浓度与室内装饰、吸烟和燃料的不完全燃烧有关.兰州地区夏季室内甲醛超标率高,为41.0％～51.3％.室内主要污染物除TSP以外,甲醛居第2位,且一天中浓度最高值在中午.新建居室比普通居室甲醛浓度高,在所有情况下,室内浓度高于室外.     

砷的污染毒性及对人体健康的影响

近年来,国外对砷在自然界及生态和生物体中的化学形态变化,污染毒性和致毒机制以及砷在人体内的转化,暴露量等问题再次进行了研究,ＷＨＯ也对此进行了评价,基于此对研究和风险评价的结果进行了综述。     

论城市生态系统平衡危机对人体健康的影响

叙述了城市化引致的城市生态系统平衡危机对人体健康的影响,就城市发展进程中如何免遭或减缓城市生态系统失衡提出了几点认识。     

Rethinking human health impact assessment

Most EIA programs around the world require the consideration of human health impacts. Yet relatively few EIA documents adequately address those impacts. This article examines how, why, and to what extent health impacts are analyzed in environmental impact assessments in the U.S. An empirical study of 42 environmental impact statements found that more than half contained no mention of health impacts. In the others, health impacts were analyzed narrowly, if at all, using risk assessment to quantify the carcinogenic potential of a single substance over a single generation. This analytic focus overlooks other significant morbidity and mortality risks, cumulative and intergenerational effects, and broader determinants of health. This article investigates these problems and provides recommendations to improve human health impact assessment, using strategic environmental assessment, qualitative health data, health outcomes in addition to cancer, and a precautionary approach to risk.     

A new approach to criteria for health risk assessment

Health Impact Assessment (HIA) is a developing component of the overall impact assessment process and as such needs access to procedures that can enable more consistent approaches to the stepwise process that is now generally accepted in both EIA and HIA. The guidelines developed during this project provide a structured process, based on risk assessment procedures which use consequences and likelihood, as a way of ranking risks to adverse health outcomes from activities subjected to HIA or HIA as part of EIA.The aim is to assess the potential for both acute and chronic health outcomes. The consequences component also identifies a series of consequences for the health care system, depicted as expressions of financial expenditure and the capacity of the health system.These more specific health risk assessment characteristics should provide for a broader consideration of health consequences and a more consistent estimation of the adverse health risks of a proposed development at both the scoping and risk assessment stages of the HIA process.     

Liveability as determinant of health: Testing a new approach for health impact assessment of major infrastructure

Major urban infrastructure projects are intended to alter the built, human ecology for the better. Even when they are not labelled as health projects, arguably they should produce public health benefits that are commensurate with their scale, particularly when they are publicly funded. Health impact assessment (HIA) is an established method of evaluating major infrastructure projects using a determinants of health equity lens. HIA explicitly puts health front and centre to ask, ‘How should the proposed infrastructure project be altered to improve the determinants of health equity?’ There are well-established HIA protocols, but few provide a framework for scoping possible impacts. Given interest in the concept of liveability we introduce an exhaustive, evidence-based framework of 11 liveability domains for HIA. We then test the framework by scoping the impacts of the Upfield Level Crossing Removal (LXR) project in Melbourne, Australia to hypothesise its impacts on health. Scoping this case study suggests that many domains will be affected in complex ways, some positively and some negatively, exemplifying the potential for the framework to detect major infrastructures' pervasive impacts on determinants of health. The paper includes a plan to validate the liveability framework with empirical research in the HIA assessment stage. The paper concludes with a discussion of the contribution and usefulness of the liveability domains as a framework for structuring HIA and for building its profile, thus advancing the discipline, and helping to ensure that all major infrastructures constitute a prudent investment in public health.     

The function of constructed wetland in reducing the risk of heavy metals on human health

Irrigation with polluted water from the upper Yellow River (YR) channel of Northwest China has resulted in agricultural soil being contaminated by heavy metals (HMs). This causes major concerns due to the potential health risk to the residents in this area. The present study aims to assess the efficiency of constructed wetland (CW) in reducing the heavy metal contamination in irrigation water and food crops, thus in reduction of potential health risk to the residents. The associated risk was assessed using hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI). The results showed a potential health risk to inhabitants via consumption of wheat grain irrigated with untreated water from YR. However CW could greatly reduce the human health risk of HMs contamination to local residents through significantly decreasing the concentrations of HMs in wheat grain. In theory, the reduction rate of this risk reached 35.19% for different exposure populations. Therefore, CW can be used as a system to pre-treat irrigation water and protect the residents from the potential HMs toxicity.     

石墨炉原子吸收法测定无铅汽油中铅

探讨了用石墨炉原子吸收法测定无铅汽油中的铅。系统地研究了测定波长、测定浓度对测定方法的影响。提出了高浓度石墨炉原子吸收法测定无铅汽油中铅的方法。铅的检出限为 0 .0 0 5 mg/L,相对标准偏差 ( RSD,n=1 1 )在 1 .9%～2 .0 %之间 ,加标回收率在 95 .5 %～ 99.5 %之间     

Impacts of lead/zinc mining and smelting on the environment and human health in China

Mining and smelting are important economic activities. However, mining-related industries are also some of the largest sources of environmental pollution from heavy metals. China is one of the largest producers and consumers of lead and zinc in the world. A large amount of lead, zinc, and related elements, such as cadmium, have been released into the environment due to mineral processing activities and have impacted water resources, soils, vegetables, and crops. In some areas, this pollution is hazardous to human health. This article reviews studies published in the past 10 years (2000–2009), on the environmental and human health consequences of lead/zinc mineral exploitation in China. Polluted areas are concentrated in the following areas: the junction of Yunnan, Guizhou and Sichuan provinces, west-central Hunan province, central Guangxi province, northern Guangdong, northwestern Henan province, the border between Shanxi and Gansu provinces, and the region of Liaoning province near Bohai. Lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) are the main pollutants and are associated with human health effects such as high lead blood levels in children, arthralgia, osteomalacia, and excessive cadmium in urine.     

Cyanotoxin management and human health risk mitigation in recreational waters

The occurrence and severity of harmful cyanobacterial or blue-green algal blooms (HABs) have increased in recent decades, posing a serious threat of illness to humans. In some countries, water contaminated with cyanotoxins that is used for drinking or haemodialysis has posed a particularly serious risk. However, it is now recognized that recreational exposure to natural toxins by skin contact, accidental swallowing of water or inhalation can also cause a wide range of acute or chronic illnesses. In this review, we focus on the importance of cyanotoxin management in recreational waters. The symptoms related with HAB poisonings, the recommended safety concentrations limit for cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins in such waters, as well as early health hazard indicators of their presence and their monitoring are all discussed. We also present in this review an overview of the methods developed in recent decades for eliminating cyanobacteria and the toxic compounds that they produce.     

Effect of dibenzopyrene measurement on assessing air quality in Beijing air and possible implications for human health

Size fractionated particulate matter (PM) was collected in summer and winter from Beijing, China for the characterization of an expanded list of PAHs and evaluation of air pollution metrics. Summertime ΣPAHs on PM was 14.6 ± 29(PM 1.5), 0.88 ± 0.49(PM 1.5-7.2) and 0.29 ± 0.076(PM 7.2) ng m(-3) air while wintertime concentrations were 493 ± 206(PM 1.5), 26.7 ± 14(PM 1.5-7.2) and 5.3 ± 2.5(PM 7.2) ng m(-3) air. Greater than 90% of the carcinogenic PAHs were concentrated on PM(1.5). Dibenzopyrene isomers made up a significant portion (～30%) of the total carcinogenic PAH load during the winter. To our knowledge, this is the first report of dibenzopyrenes in the Beijing atmosphere and among the few studies that report these highly potent PAHs in ambient particulate matter. Lifetime risk calculations indicated that 1 out of 10,000 to over 6 out of 100 Beijing residents may have an increased risk of lung cancer due to PAH concentration. Over half of the lifetime risk was attributed to Σdibenzopyrenes. The World Health Organization and Chinese daily PM(10) standard was exceeded on each day of the study, however, PAH limits were only exceeded during the winter. The outcomes of the air pollution metrics were highly dependent on the individual PAHs measured and seasonal variation.     

Inter-relation between environmental monitoring data,human exposure and health effects

To determine whether a population has been affected by a chemical, evidence of exposure must be established. The mere presence of a chemical in the surroundings of a population may not, in all instances, result in actual exposure. Not all such exposures will cause health effects; nor is it always possible to establish that illness has or will result from exposure to chemicals. The inability to establish health effects in humans cannot a priori be translated to mean that a specific chemical is harmless. On the other hand, it must be determined whether health studies would be fruitful. If exposure was so minimal that no health effects are expected, then no health studies should be conducted.