洞庭湖通江水道鱼类资源周年动态及其洄游特征研究

为了解洞庭湖通江水道鱼类资源的周年动态及其洄游特征,2017年5月～2018年6月,对洞庭湖通江水道的仔鱼和幼鱼、成鱼进行了逐月调查。(1)共采集仔鱼19种,数量以■(Hemiculter leucisculus)最多(占总数的76. 6%),其次为子陵吻虾虎鱼(Rhinogobius giurinus)(占8. 8%)和似鳊(Pseudobrama simoni)(占4. 3%);仔鱼主要出现在4～9月,密度以6月最高(848. 8 Ind./1 000 m~3)。(2)采集幼鱼、成鱼42种,数量以短颌鲚(Coilia brachygnathus)(占总数的30. 3%)最多,其次为贝氏■(Hemiculter bleekeri)(占15. 3%)和■(占12. 2%);幼鱼、成鱼丰度以8月最高(为729尾/船/日)。(3) 4～7月,江湖洄游型鱼类的运动指数在0. 1～0. 7之间,呈现入湖趋势; 9～次年3月,江湖洄游型鱼类的运动指数在-0. 4～-0. 1之间,呈现出湖趋势;径流量是幼鱼、成鱼出、入湖的主要驱动因子。     

近期长江张家洲南水道强冲刷机理与趋势分析

2016年9月利用多波束测深仪调查了张家洲河段河床微地貌的高分辨率形态与分布特征,结合1998年和2013年水下地形资料,分析了三峡截流以来该河段河槽的冲淤变化与演变趋势。结果表明：（1）张家洲河段整体呈冲刷状态,净冲刷量17.2×10.6 m³。其中,张家洲南水道是强冲刷区,最大冲刷深度约9 m;（2）河槽表层沉积物中值粒径为149.1~226.3 μm,与历史资料相比呈粗化趋势;（3）张家洲河段约82.9％的主航道发育了沙波,约14.0％的主航道发育了冲刷坑与冲刷槽,平床地形仅占3.1％。流域来沙量减少是张家洲河段整体冲刷的主要原因,而河流控制工程稳定了河势,迫使水流归槽,加剧了张家洲南水道的冲刷。随着流域来沙量持续减少,张家洲南水道主航道有可能进一步冲刷     

长江流域的鱼类资源及其保护对策

长江水系的鱼类约有300种,其中鲤科鱼类占半数以上,主要的经济鱼类多数属于鲤科。对不同江段的鱼类资源作了简介,并提出了相应的保护措施。上游江段以维护生物多样性,保护特有种为主,需要建立鱼类自然保护区;中游应保证主要经济鱼类的自然繁殖条件,加强珍稀鱼类的人工繁殖放流工作,同时对湖泊幼鱼资源进行保护;下游应注意保持江水质量,严格遵守工业废水排放标准;河口江段应规定幼鲟保护期,建议每年6月15日至7月31日停止一切损害幼鲟资源的渔捞作业。     

葛洲坝下游近坝区水域鱼类资源声学调查与评估

于2013年4月及6月,针对DIDSON的特点设计了携带声呐的船舶走航式及定点式两种方法,对葛洲坝下游近坝区水域（大江、三江至下游镇江阁处江段）进行水声学调查,观察鱼类资源的时空分布特点。观测数据经去噪处理,获得鱼类资源结果。结果表明：葛洲坝下游近坝区鱼类资源分布呈明显的空间差异,大江水域鱼类密度显著高于三江水域,且近坝区高于下游江段,最大值为6924 ind./1 000 m3,位于大江电站下游约1 km处,最小值为153 ind./1 000 m3,位于宜化大楼江段。鱼类资源在时间上没有显著的统计学差异,6月份鱼类活动昼夜差别比4月份更明显,主要集中在上层水域,傍晚至凌晨鱼类活动较少。进一步分析发现,船闸的运行方式、水体中食物可获取程度、各鱼类种群生活习性差异等,均对鱼类资源时空分布产生影响。此外,开展适逢葛洲坝禁渔期,禁渔措施维持了近坝区水域春、夏季鱼类资源量的稳定性,是保护鱼类资源的有效而直接的方法     

城镇化下平原水系变化及河网连通性影响研究

针对平原区城镇化背景下水系减少及连通受阻等下垫面变化引起的洪涝加剧问题,综合考虑水系结构和水力特性等因素,建立满足行洪排涝需求的平原水系连通度量方法,并以浙东沿海平原河网区为例,分析了城镇化下平原水系特征变化及其对河网连通度的影响。结果表明:1近20a来研究区水系数量和结构复杂性均存在不同程度的衰减,河网密度和水面率分别减少20%和30%左右,水系尤其是低等级河道的减少导致河网结构趋于骨干化;2河网连通度受水面率等数量特征和水系空间连接结构的共同影响,在水系数量持续减少情况下,整个河网连通度呈现先减少后增加的趋势,说明了骨干河道工程对水系空间结构特征的优化,可缓解水系减弱对河网连通的负面效应;3建立的河网连通度方法合理反映了水系数量和结构变化下的河网连通度演变规律,以及水系变化下区域排涝能力的空间差异特征,具有操作性强特点。     

江湖阻隔对涨渡湖区鱼类资源的生态影响

长江中游两岸绝大多数通江湖泊自20世纪50年代以来因水利工程阻隔先后失去与长江的联系而产生一系列的生态问题。我们以涨渡湖为例开展江湖阻隔后对单个湖泊鱼类资源所产生的生态影响进行研究,结果表明：江湖阻隔导致湖泊生产经营方式改变,使得野生渔业产量的比例由1949年的95%,降低到2002年的不足5%;江湖阻隔后湖泊鱼类种类由50年代约80种下降到现在的52种,其中,洄游性和流水型鱼类比重由50%下降至不足30%;迷魂阵渔获物在单位产量、个体大小上极显著(p < 0.01)地高于通江湖泊,但在物种数和多样性指数上则要低得多(p < 0.01)。因此,江湖阻隔对湖泊渔业具明显影响,且正导致野生鱼类资源的进一步衰退。     

岷江下游干流段鱼类资源现状及其多样性分析

2014~2016年在岷江下游干流开展了4次鱼类资源调查,共采集到鱼类71种（亚种）,隶属于3目11科51属,其中包括长江上游特有鱼类16种。不同调查江段鱼类组成相似性指数分析结果显示,宜宾和乐山江段相似性指数最低,70%;宜宾和屏山江段相似性指数最高,9219%。岷江下游干流江段主要经济鱼类为鲤（Cyprinus carpio）、光泽黄颡鱼（Pelteobaggrus nitidus）和瓦氏黄颡鱼（Pelteobagrus vachelli）,在岷江下游整个江段渔获物中各占1610%、1396%和1232%。对调查到的71种鱼类产卵类型进行分析结果显示,产粘性卵鱼类和漂流性卵鱼类分别占渔获物总重量的6828%和2707%。不同调查时间和不同江段多样性指数存在差异,其中5~7月份调查到的鱼类多样性指数高于10~12月份调查结果;乐山和犍为江段间鱼类均匀度Pielou指数存在显著差异（P<005）。从调查结果看,岷江下游干流段鱼类种类丰富,渔获物数量较高,但受岷江下游梯级开发的影响,资源前景不容乐观,需加强保护措施。     

基于水力学条件的江家口坝#br# 下集诱鱼进口流场研究

建设过鱼设施是减缓河流大坝修建对鱼类不利影响的重要措施。本文以江家口坝址至坝下580 m处的河段为研究区段,构建基于MIKE21的平面二维水动力模型,根据工程的水文情势选用典型工况对坝下流场进行分析,探究不同工况下鱼类可能的上溯路径。结果表明：主流流量在5.40~40.74 m3/s,集诱鱼流量在2.50 m3/s情况下,主流受集诱鱼进口流量约束,将偏向右岸往下游流动。在仅考虑2号机组下泄17.67 m3/s流量下,河道存在目标鱼类洄游的上溯路线,距集诱鱼进口30～100 m处,河道中间满足鱼类适宜流速和水深,鱼类将沿着河道中间洄游;距集诱鱼进口0～30 m处,右岸流速逐渐升高并成为鱼类适宜流速,鱼类将从右岸洄游并最终到达集诱鱼进口;集诱鱼进口处,右岸水深高于中间水深约10%～40%,高于左岸水深90%～170%,集诱鱼进口处的高水深将有利于鱼类进入。对于“T”形集诱鱼进口汇流,集诱鱼流量占12%左右能产生较好的集诱鱼进口水力学特征。研究成果可为集诱鱼进口处鱼类上溯提供参考依据。     

Special features of fish species composition and community structure in small rivers of the Udmurt Republic

The composition and species richness of ichthyofauna have been studied in 36 stretches of small rivers in the Udmurt Republic to estimate the dependence of species richness on the distance from the river source and the level and type of anthropogenic load. Some specific features of modification of the fish community structure under the influence of agriculture, urbanization, and industry (oil production) have been revealed. Basic trends in the change of dominant complexes of fish species with an increase in the distance from the river source are described for small rivers flowing in different natural and anthropogenic landscapes of the Udmurt Republic.     

Larval and Juvenile Fish Assemblage Structure of Inshore Habitats in the Middle Reaches of Li River,China: Spatial and Temporal Patterns in Relation to Abiotic Factors

To evaluate the effect of abiotic factors on larval and juvenile fish assemblage in shallow waters of middle reaches of Li River, Guilin, China. Samplings were taken monthly at 7 stations in the mainstream and 2 stations in 3 tributaries from May 2014 to April 2015. Synchronously, temperature, pH, turbidity, conductivity, dissolved oxygen rainfall and discharge were obtained. In all, 11.886 larval and juvenile fish from 18 species belonging to 8 families, 16 genera was captured. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) showed obvious significant difference between the environmental variables across sampling areas and months. The results of Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) indicated that water temperature, turbidity, discharge and rainfall were dominant factors on larval and juvenile fish assemblage.     

春季禁渔对常熟江段渔业群落结构及物种多样性影响的初步研究

以2000~2004年4~6月渔业资源动态监测资料为依据,分析研究了3年春季禁渔(2002~2004)对常熟江段渔业资源群落结构及物种多样性的影响。研究结果表明：4~6月间常熟江段出现的鱼、虾、蟹类渔获物共有11目、18科、46种;春禁后,该江段总CPUE（单位捕捞努力渔获量）显著增加;优势种更替不明显,历年以刀鲚、鲻鱼、长春鳊等经济鱼类为主;刀鲚CPUE有所回升,资源衰退受到遏制;小型鱼类、幼鱼在渔获物中的比例明显上升; Margalef物种丰富度指数、Wilhm改进指数呈明显上升趋势,均匀度指数J′、优势度数Dw在窄幅范围波动。春禁对常熟江段渔业资源保护的生态效果较明显,春禁后渔业资源群落种间结构得到一定程度的改善,生物多样性上升。     

河滩人工湿地对河流洪水位影响的数值模拟

运用计算水力学的基本理论，采用二维水流数学模型进行河流泄洪能力的数值模拟，借助于SMS地表水软件，分别模拟了河流在不同湿地面积、湿地宽度及不同植物糙率条件下，河流洪水位的抬升情况。结果表明，不同湿地宽度对泄洪水位的影响，最终归结为主槽宽度的变化对泄洪水位的影响。主槽宽度相对于湿地面积及植物糙率，对洪水位的抬升影响较大，且主槽宽度越小，水位涨幅越大。对于在河流中如何布置和种植人工湿地及湿地植物的选取具有一定的指导作用。     

Uptake, retention and organ/tissue distribution of 137Cs by Japanese catfish (Silurus asotus Linnaeus)

The work describes the uptake, retention/biological elimination and organ/tissue distribution of 137Cs by freshwater Japanese catfish (Silurus asotus Linnaeus) under laboratory conditions. The fish were divided into three groups based on their size and age and reared in 137Cs-spiked water. The concentration of 137Cs in the whole body of the live fish was measured at regular intervals up to 60 days. A significant accumulation of 137Cs was found, but a steady state condition was not achieved by the end of the experiment. The bioaccumulation factors at steady state and the required time to reach steady state were estimated to be 1.55 and 255 days, 1.76 and 180 days and 1.99 and 160 days for large, medium and small size fish, respectively. To determine the effective half-life of 137Cs, the fish were transferred and reared in the non-contaminated host water. The concentration of the remaining 137Cs in the whole body of the live fish was measured up to 66 days. The average effective half-life of 137Cs in the fish species was found to be approximately 142 days for fish of all sizes. The distribution of 137Cs in different organs/tissues of the fish was determined. Accumulation of 137Cs in muscle/flesh of the fish was found to be approximately 75% of whole body accumulation. The uptake rate and the retention capability of juvenile fish were found to be higher and therefore, these were more susceptible to 137Cs than adult and old fish, and could be an important source of 137Cs in the human food chain.     

近年长江湖口江段鱼类群落组成及多样性

2007~2009年每月2次,其中4~6月每月5次对湖口江段的鱼类群落特征及其多样性组成进行了调查,共收集鱼类样本4 241尾,隶属7科19属26种。群落优势种为黄颡鱼（〖WTBX〗Pseudobagrus fulvidraco）和粗唇鮠（Leiocassi crassilabis〖WTBZ〗）,占样本个体总数的6403%;Shannon Wiener多样性指数 (〖WTBX〗H′〖WTBZ〗)为1782,Simpson优势度指数 (〖WTBX〗λ〖WTBZ〗)为054,Pielou均匀度指数 (〖WTBX〗J′〖WTBZ〗)为0547,Margalef种类丰富度指标 (〖WTBX〗D〖WTBZ〗)为2993,Wilhm 改进指数（〖WTBX〗H″〖WTBZ〗）1873,相对稀有种数 (〖WTBX〗R〖WTBZ〗)为5769%;长江湖口江段鱼类群落中体重50~500 g的中小型鱼类占绝对优势,体重>500 g的大型鱼类占的比例非常小,经济鱼类趋于小型化,鱼类群落稳定性较低,生物多样性处于较低水平。 鱼类群落可分为3个生态类型,其中江海洄游性鱼类有3种、河湖洄游性鱼类4种、定居性鱼类19种;食鱼性鱼类有8种,食无脊椎动物性鱼类11种,杂食性鱼类3种,食浮游生物性鱼类有2种,草食性鱼类2种     

Avoidance and toxicity responses of fish to intermittent chlorination

The ability of fish to actively avoid concentrations of chlorine in a steep, horizontal, laboratory-controlled gradient was found to be species-specific and dependent upon the acclimation temperature, water quality conditions, and the type of chlorine residual tested. Comparison of behavioral avoidances with the results from bioassays using some form of intermittent chlorination, as reported in the literature, indicated that LC₅₀ concentrations (levels that cause the mortality of half the test individuals in a designated time period) usually exceeded avoidance threshold concentrations.This chlorine avoidance study, which was carried out in a field laboratory that utilized New River water for holding and testing procedures, was located at the Glen Lyn power plant in southwestern Virginia. Two basic types of avoidance trials were employed, TRC (total residual chlorine) and chloramine (CRC) exposures. The TRC trials contained variable amounts of free (FRC) and combined residual chlorine (CRC) depending upon water quality, while in chloramine trials, the TRC exposure was mainly comprised of monochloramine with little or no FRC. The first significant avoidance in TRC trials for several fish species tested, varied from 0.05 mg/1 for coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) to 0.40 for channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). Low levels of hypochlorous acid (HOCl), which are considered to be a potentially toxic constituent of FRC, appeared to consistently influence the avoidance response. Initial avoidance concentrations to HOCl ranged from 0.01–0.02 mg/1 for coho salmon to 0.04–0.12 mg/1 for channel catfish, depending upon acclimation temperatures tested. The pH in river water was more influential than temperature in controlling the amount of HOCl present within the FRC at each TRC exposure. Avoidance responses by fish to CRC concentrations were either equal to or greater than TRC exposures and were dependent upon the ammonia-N content. Chloramine and FRC (specifically the HOCl fraction) have been reported to have different mechanisms of toxicity, which offered possible explanations for the differences observed in avoidance behavior. Chlorine residuals discharged from the Glen Lyn power plant in previous years have exceeded the LC₅₀ values reported for many species, although no major fish kills from chlorine have been documented. Behavioral avoidance responses by fish to potentially lethal chlorinated discharges in aquatic receiving systems may be a major mechanism of these populations in adapting to or interacting within these industrially influenced environments.     

Changes in the species composition and abundance of young-of-the-year fishes in the upper Volga stretch of the Kuibyshev Reservoir during the period of 1991 to 2009

The species composition and abundance of young-of-the-year fishes have been analyzed in catches made in the upper Volga stretch of the Kuibyshev Reservoir between 1991 and 2009. It has been found that the juvenile abundance of roach and blue bream has decreased, while that of perch, silver bream, and spined loach has increased, with young-of-the-year juveniles of common rudd, tubenose goby, round goby, and black-striped pipefish appearing in catches. The results of the study show that, against the background of juvenile population decline in many spring-spawning fish species, the abundance and species diversity of young of the year in summer-spawning species has increased during the observation period.     

下荆江故道通江特性及其演变趋势分析

下荆江河道周围密集分布着多条故道,其中包含有两个国家级自然保护区和两个国家级亲鱼原种基地,具有非常重要生态意义和保护价值。结合空间信息技术,系统分析了各故道的分布特征及通江特性。下荆江故道的形成过程与荆江河道的演变密不可分,从下荆江各故道形成的时间间隔来看,下荆江故道周边河道将再次进入河势变化的潜在不稳定期。从其形成机制来看,水沙形势变化引起的河道冲淤格局是其发生演变的主要原因。在1950~2008年荆江河道水沙数据分析的基础上,结合三峡工程实施前后故道附近河道冲淤监测结果以及下荆江堤防的控制性影响,研究了未来下荆江可能的变化趋势及其对通江故道产生的潜在影响     

洪泛区林地的开发对鱼类栖息地面积的影响模拟

洪泛区的开发利用,必然会导致洪泛区林地糙率的改变。河漫滩也是河流洪泛区的一部分。洪泛区糙率的减小,会使河水流速增大,从而减小鱼类可用栖息地面积。因此,在洪水发生时,为了给鱼类提供避险场所,保护有效栖息地面积,需研究洪泛区林地的开发对鱼类的影响。利用River 2D软件模拟在一定频率的洪水条件下,不同的河漫滩糙率对应的鱼类栖息地加权可用面积(WUA),分析了糙率的改变对河流鱼类栖息地的影响。结果表明:随着河漫滩糙率的降低,加权可用面积(WUA)逐渐减小,河漫滩范围内WUA的变化幅度比较大,河漫滩的特性对鱼类栖息地面积的影响很大。洪泛区植被的砍伐,会使鱼类栖息地面积减小。因此,应防止洪泛区的过度开发,保护河流生态环境。     

Toxicity assessment of wood preservatives

The article describes the influence of wood preservatives on water bioceonosis. The “battery” of toxicology tests was used to cover luminescent bacteria test, algae growth inhibition test, crustacean and fish lethal tests. The test samples used were pure wood preservative and water after the wood preservative leaching from wood sample. It was observed that the wood preservative is leaching from the wood sample in 10% within 1 month of exposition. Achieved results indicate the necessity of toxic assessment of wood preservative after wood element protection.     

Dike Breach Risks of Different Flood Conditions in the Lower Yellow River

Based on the analysis of hanging rivers' actuality in the lower Yellow River and researches related to the evaluation of dike breach risks, it is put forward that the influencing factors of dike beach risks in the lower Yellow River should involve four aspects, the flow and sediment movement, the regional crustal stability, the variation of river regime and the stability of river dikes. With this, the evaluation indexes system of dike breach risks is established, and with the support of geographic information systems technology, the model of multi-hierarchical fuzzy comprehensive judgment is applied to estimate the dike beach risks of the hanging rivers in the lower Yellow River under different flood conditions. The evaluation results of dike breach risks show the following distributing regularities of dike breach risks in the lower Yellow River: (1) Dike breach risks increase with the increase of the flood. (2) Dike breach risks decrease with the changes of river patterns along the channel. (3) There are great risks of dike breach in the wandering reaches, and it is relatively higher in the south bank than in the north in wandering reaches. (4) There is a higher dike breach risk in the north bank than in the south in winding reaches. Simultaneously, the evaluation results manifest that the evaluation indexes system established from the flow and sediment movement, the regional crustal stability, the variation of river regime and the stability of river dikes can represent the actual situation of the lower Yellow River more comprehensively. The application of multi-hierarchical fuzzy comprehensive judgment can preferably resolve the problem of hanging river dike breach, which has numerous influencing factors and complicated functionary mechanisms. The applications of geographic information systems technology with powerful spatial analysis functions make dike beach risks quantificationally displayed in different spatial positions, and reflect the differences of dike beach risks in different spatial positions of the channel in the lower Yellow River.