环境因子对雁鸣湖沉积物氮磷释放的影响

为探明环境因子对雁鸣湖沉积物-上覆水界面间氮磷释放的影响,通过单因子实验和响应面实验分析探究了温度、溶解氧及pH对氮磷释放通量的影响。单因子实验结果表明：雁鸣湖沉积物-上覆水界面间氮磷通量随着温度的升高而增加;随溶解氧浓度的升高而减小;当pH为中性时,氮磷通量最小,氮通量在pH=5时达到最大值,磷通量在pH=9时达到最大值。BBD模型拟合结果显示,各环境因子与氮磷通量间拟合关系均为二次多项式。响应面实验结果表明：温度和pH交互作用对TN通量影响显著;温度和溶解氧交互作用对TP通量影响显著;温度和溶解氧交互作用、温度和pH交互作用对${{\rm{NH}}_4^{+}}$-N通量影响均为显著;温度和溶解氧交互作用对${{\rm{PO}}_4^{3 - }}$-P通量影响极显著;雁鸣湖底泥释放的最不利条件为T=10 ℃、DO=7.87 mg·L⁻¹、pH=7.13,此时的TN交换通量为3.956 mg·(m²·h)⁻¹,TP交换通量为0.471 mg·(m²·h)⁻¹,${{\rm{NH}}_4^{+}}$-N交换通量为1.469 mg·(m²·h)⁻¹,${{\rm{PO}}_4^{3 - }}$-P交换通量为0.146 mg·(m²·h)⁻¹。以上研究结果可为雁鸣湖富营养化防治提供参考。     

西湖北里湖沉积物磷形态分布及其与间隙水磷的关系

杭州西湖是典型的富营养化浅水湖泊。经过环湖截污等工程措施,影响西湖的外污染源得到有效的治理,但西湖仍处于富营养化状态。在外污染源得到控制后,富含营养盐的沉积物成为西湖水质改善的主要限制因子。通过研究西湖北里湖沉积物中磷的赋存形态和丰度、间隙水磷含量垂向时空分布特征,分析沉积物磷形态与间隙水磷含量的相关性,探讨内源磷对西湖北里湖营养盐的贡献作用。结果表明,北里湖沉积物中活性磷含量较低,不同磷形态及其含量在垂向上呈现一定的波动,没有表现出明显的规律。间隙水总可溶性磷(TDP)和PO34-含量随沉积物深度的变化不明显,但其含量总体在垂向上都有先升高后降低的趋势,与沉积物中各形态磷均具有一定的正相关性。因此,沉积物磷对水体富营养化具有一定的贡献。     

水葫芦对滇池底泥氮磷营养盐释放的影响

为了探讨水葫芦对富营养湖泊底泥氮磷营养盐释放的影响,通过原位采集滇池柱状底泥,以蒸馏水为上覆水,进行了25d的室内静态模拟实验。实验比较了水葫芦处理组和空白对照组底泥氨氮（NH4-N）、硝态氮（NO3^-N）、溶解性总氮（DTN）、正磷酸盐（PO4^3--P）等的释放特征。结果表明,与对照组相比,水葫芦处理组上覆水溶解氧、pH显著性降低,而PO4^3-P浓度显著性升高;在实验前2d,水葫芦处理组上覆水NH4^＋N和DTN浓度显著性高于对照组,而在5～25d时,其显著性低于对照组。根据上覆水营养盐浓度、水葫芦植株吸收营养盐总量,推算底泥氮磷营养盐释放的平均速率,表明水葫芦加速了滇池底泥氮、磷营养盐的释放速率,处理组氮、磷释放速率分别为对照组的5．3～170．2和1．5～21．6倍。     

Effects of light, microbial activity, and sediment resuspension on the phosphorus immobilization capability of drinking water treatment residuals in lake sediment

Drinking water treatment residuals (WTRs), nonhazardous by-products generated in a drinking water treatment plant, can be reused to immobilize phosphorus (P) to control the internal P loading from lake sediments for eutrophication control. Reasonably, before practical application, it is essential to determine the P immobilization capability of WTRs in lake sediments under various conditions. In this work, laboratory scale experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of light, microbial activity, and sediment resuspension on the P immobilization capability of WTRs. The results suggested that absence of light, low microbial activity, and sediment resuspension can increase the internal P loading from lake sediments. WTRs can, however, reduce the internal P loading significantly. Further analysis demonstrated that WTRs can stabilize P, decreasing the P bioavailability in the sediments under varied conditions. WTRs also presented little undesirable effects on the dissolved oxygen levels and pH of overlying water. Therefore, light, microbial activity, and sediment resuspension have little effect on the P immobilization capability of WTRs in lake sediments.     

淀山湖底泥氮、磷释放通量的研究

水体中氮、磷含量是影响藻类生长的重要因子,来源可分为外源性和内源性,而底泥氮、磷释放是内源性氮、磷的重要组成.为了解城市浅水型湖泊中底泥氮、磷释放过程及其规律,根据淀山湖底泥状况,在湖的进水口2个采样点、湖中心1个采样点、湖的出水口1个采样点分别采集底泥,通过在室内模拟不同的温度、扰动、pH共3个环境因子,考察其对底泥...     

Occurrence and partition of perfluorinated compounds in water and sediment from Liao River and Taihu Lake, China

The concentrations of four perfluorinated sulfonate acids (PFSAs) and 10 perfluorinated carboxylate acids (PFCAs) were measured in water and sediment samples from Liao River and Taihu Lake, China. In the water samples from Taihu Lake, PFOA and PFOS were the most detected perfluorinated compounds (PFCs); in Liao River, PFHxS was the predominant PFC followed by PFOA, while PFOS was only detected in two of the samples. This suggests that different PFC products are used in the two regions. PFOS and PFOA in both watersheds are at similar level as in the rivers of Japan, but significantly lower than in Great Lakes. The contributions of PFOS and long chain PFCAs in sediments were much higher than in water samples of both watersheds, indicating preferential partition of these PFCs in sediment. The concentrations of PFOS and PFOA were three orders of magnitude of lower than that of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the same sediments. The average sediment-water partition coefficients (log K_oc) of PFHxS, PFOS and PFOA were determined to be 2.16, 2.88 and 2.28 respectively.     

Tetrabromobisphenol A: tissue distribution in fish, and seasonal variation in water and sediment of Lake Chaohu, China

Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) is the most widely used brominated flame retardants (BFRs). It has been detected in various environment media and has been approved to be high toxic to aquatic organisms. However, the exposure levels of TBBPA in the main watersheds in China have not been investigated sufficiently. In this study TBBPA concentrations in water, sediment and tissues of four fish species from Lake Chaohu were determined. Spatial and temporal distribution patterns of TBBPA in water and sediment, and the relationship among TBBPA concentrations in fish tissues and fish size were analyzed. The results showed that the maximum TBBPA concentration in sediment was 518 ng/g in March 2008. It is almost the highest value than those ever reported anywhere in the world. In lake water, TBBPA level reached the maximum value of 4.87???g/L in July. Tissue distributions of TBBPA in four fish species were similar, and the mean concentrations in the fish were in the range of 28.5?C39.4 ng/g, much higher than those reported in Japan, Europe, and the United States. The maximum concentrations of TBBPA were found in kidneys where TBBPA concentration was positively correlated with fish size of Cyprinus carpio. Results demonstrated a widespread distribution of TBBPA in Lake Chaohu. The source was mainly inflow rivers near the cities. The distribution coefficient among water, fish, and sediment was 1:28:117. This indicated that sediment was the main repository for TBBPA within Lake Chaohu. Furthermore, TBBPA may pose a potential ecological risk in the lake during summer.     

Inter-annual and intra-annual variations in water quality and its response to water-level fluctuations in a river-connected lake,Dongting Lake,China

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The hydrological conditions of river-connected lakes are complex primarily owing to their considerable water-level fluctuations (WLFs). Water quality...     

Effects of organisms on the release of phosphorus at the interface between sediment and water.

Organisms at the interface between sediment and water play a significant role in the cycling of phosphorus. This study reports experimental results of the influence of organisms on phosphorus release. Results show that benthic organisms controlled the low level of phosphate in overlying water with light. The maximum phosphorus release rate can reach 7.31 mg m(-2) d(-1) without organisms, nearly twice that in a similar system with organisms. However, significant decreases in the concentrations of sodium-hydroxide-extractable phosphorus and hydrochloric-acid-extractable phosphorus were observed in the experimental system with organisms, while no significant changes were observed without organisms. In addition, the dissolved oxygen concentration in the system was higher with organisms than without organisms with light. This study is significant to the understanding of phosphorus cycling at the interface between sediment and water in lakes.     

Effects of organisms on the release of phosphorus at the interface between sediment and water.

Organisms at the interface between sediment and water play a significant role in the cycling of phosphorus. This study reports experimental results of the influence of organisms on phosphorus release. Results show that benthic organisms controlled the low level of phosphate in overlying water with light. The maximum phosphorus release rate can reach 7.31 mg m(-2) d(-1) without organisms, nearly twice that in a similar system with organisms. However, significant decreases in the concentrations of sodium-hydroxide-extractable phosphorus and hydrochloric-acid-extractable phosphorus were observed in the experimental system with organisms, while no significant changes were observed without organisms. In addition, the dissolved oxygen concentration in the system was higher with organisms than without organisms with light. This study is significant to the understanding of phosphorus cycling at the interface between sediment and water in lakes.     

太湖不同营养类型湖区沉积物磷的形态与吸附行为的比较

选择太湖不同营养类型的湖区开展了沉积物磷形态与磷吸附行为的研究,结果表明,位于藻型湖区梅梁湾的T1点表层沉积物中的总磷(TP)含量高于位于草型湖区T2点的相应值,且沉积物吸附能(K)值与TP含量显著负相关(ppp0)值随深度递增,大型水生植物的存在促使表层沉积物维持磷汇的功能,T1点沉积物距表层10~15cm处EPC0值最低,故相应疏浚深度宜为10~15cm,这一结果为富营养化湖泊的修复提供了理论依据与技术参数。     

Determination and partitioning behavior of perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids and perfluorooctanesulfonate in water and sediment from Dianchi Lake, China

Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) have received much attention on their distribution in various matrices including water bodies, precipitations, sediment and biota in different areas globally, however, little attention has been paid to their occurrence and distribution in urban lakes. In this study, water and sediment samples collected from 26 sites in Dianchi Lake, a plateau urban lake in the southwestern part of China were analyzed via high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) for ten analytes involving nine perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFOAs) and perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS). Total levels of PFCs were 30.98 ± 32.19 ng L(-1) in water and 0.95 ± 0.63 ng g(-1) in sediment. In water samples PFOA was the dominant PFC contaminant, with concentrations ranging from 3.41 to 35.44 ng L(-1), while in sediments PFOS was the main PFC contaminant at levels from 0.07-0.83 ng g(-1) dry weight. Field-based sediment water distribution coefficients (K(D)) were calculated and corrected for organic carbon content (K(oc)), which reduced variability among samples. The log K(oc) ranged from 2.54 to 3.57 for C8-C12 perfluorinated carboxylic acids, increasing by 0.1-0.4 log units with each additional CF2 moiety. The log K(oc) of PFOS was 3.35 ± 0.32. Magnitudes and trends in log K(D) or log K(oc) appeared to agree well with previously published laboratory data. Results showed that different PFC composition profiles were observed for samples from the lake water and sediments, indicating the presence of dissimilar characteristics of the PFCs compounds, which is important for PFC fate modeling and risk assessment.     

黑臭底泥土著微生物促生对磷的影响

土著微生物促生是一项低成本高效率的河湖黑臭底泥原位修复技术,然而向底泥中投加药剂可能会影响上覆水水质。为探讨该技术对水环境的不利影响,实验研究了城市湖泊黑臭底泥修复过程中上覆水中磷浓度和底泥中磷含量及形态的变化。结果表明,在投药深度为泥面以下15 cm,微生物营养剂（BE）和生物解毒剂（MT）的投加量分别低于60mL/m3和70 mL/m3的条件下,上覆水总磷（TP）浓度低于地表水环境质量Ⅲ类（湖库类）标准值。投加微生物促生剂（BE和MT）导致上覆水磷含量升高,并促进了上覆水中藻类的增长。复配投加硝酸钙能减少上覆水中磷含量及藻类生物量,从而抑制微生物促生剂对上覆水磷浓度的影响。另外,投加微生物促生剂及硝酸钙到底泥中后,底泥磷含量以及磷形态组成的变化均不明显。     

Distribution of nitrogen and phosphorus and estimation of nutrient fluxes in the water and sediments of Liangzi Lake,China

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Water samples and sediments from Liangzi Lake were taken and used to study the vertical distribution characteristics of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus...     

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in eggs of eight avian species from Dongting Lake, China

Concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) were determined in eggs of eight avian species collected from Dongting Lake of China to assess residue levels, accumulation patterns, and toxic potential in different avian species. Concentrations of total 2,3,7,8-substituted PCDD/Fs were in the range of 10.8-182pgg(-1) lipid weight. Eggs of great egret and lesser pied kingfisher contained higher levels of PCDD/Fs than eggs of other species, indicating the specific exposure and accumulation of PCDD/Fs relating to feeding habits and the life span. PCDD/Fs congener patterns varied among species. The patterns of PCDD/Fs in the eggs may be influenced by feeding habits, specific elimination, and metabolism. In general, concentrations of PCDDs were higher than those of PCDFs in avian eggs. On basis of lipid weight, total 2,3,7,8-TCDD toxic equivalents (TEQs) calculated based on the WHO TEFs for birds ranged from 2.04 to 42.0pgg(-1); and on basis of wet weight, total WHO-TEQs ranged from 0.19 to 1.59pgg(-1). 2,3,7,8-TCDF, 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF, 2,3,7,8-TCDD, 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD were the major contributors to TEQ concentration in most avian eggs, whereas 1,2,3,4,7,8-HxCDD also accounted for a major portion of TEQs in eggs of azure-winged magpie. Values of TEQs in avian eggs were lower than toxic threshold values, implying risk reduction and natural restoration of PCDD/Fs contamination in Dongting Lake region.     

过氧化钙缓释材料对河道水固磷及底泥控磷的机理研究

用聚乙二醇2000(PEG2000)和硬脂酸(SA)包埋粉末过氧化钙(CP)成功制备了CP缓释材料CP@PEG2000-SA。比较了粉末CP和CP@PEG2000-SA对上覆水中溶解性总磷的影响和对底泥中磷酸铝盐(Al-P)、磷酸铁盐(Fe-P)和磷酸钙盐(Ca-P)的影响。结果表明,CP@PEG2000-SA投加量宜为1.8kg/m2,在CP用量相同的条件下计算得到粉末CP投加量为1.0kg/m~2。投加粉末CP在10d内上覆水中溶解性总磷浓度迅速降至最低后又上升,而投加CP@PEG2000-SA可以实现35d内溶解性总磷持续缓慢下降。上覆水中的内源性磷一般来自底泥中Fe-P的释放。投加粉末CP虽能固定Fe-P含量,但起不到长效作用,甚至可能导致Al-P的释放。投加CP@PEG2000-SA可控制氧气释放速率,稳定pH,使得上覆水中溶解性总磷向底泥中的Al-P、Ca-P和Fe-P转化,起到长效抑制底泥中内源性磷向水体释放并同时吸收水体中磷的双重效应,达到了控磷目的。     

Level,source identification,and risk analysis of heavy metal in surface sediments from river-lake ecosystems in the Poyang Lake,China

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The concentrations, sources, and risks of heavy metals (Fe, Al, Mn, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, W, Pb, and Tl) in sediments in five river-lake...     

环境因素对长寿湖底泥释磷影响的模拟实验研究

肥水养殖显著增加了长寿湖底泥中的磷含量。为了解肥水养殖积累在湖泊底泥中磷的释放情况,以长寿湖大坝口枯水期底泥为实验材料,模拟研究了不同环境条件(上覆水pH、温度、DO含量和扰动)下湖泊底泥的释磷特征。结果表明,在弱碱性条件下,底泥释磷量随上覆水pH的升高而升高;温度升高有利于底泥磷的释放,温度每升高5℃,第21天时底泥释磷量增大0.0045～0.0074 mg/L;DO含量降低有利于底泥中铁/铝结合态磷的释放;扰动对底泥磷的释放没有明显影响。研究表明,网箱养殖增加了底泥中的有机磷含量,促进有机磷向无机磷转化,增大了底泥中磷的释放风险。     

草海底泥原位钝化工程示范及其生态环境效应

选取贵州草海重污染湖区,利用改性粘土钝化剂开展底泥原位钝化技术示范,对示范区内外主要水质参数、浮游生物和底栖动物等进行了对比监测与研究。结果表明：示范工程实施一年后钝化区水体氨氮（NH3-N）和总磷（TP）含量分别降低至对照区的29%和23%,水体溶解氧含量达9 mg·L-1以上,透明度显著增加;钝化区水体藻类总丰度降低40%以上,蓝藻所占比例大幅下降;钝化区沉水植物生长繁茂,水体自净功能明显增强,已形成草型清水生态系统。钝化区与对照区水体浮游动物、底栖水生生物种群及丰度无显著变化,表明钝化剂未对动物生长造成不良影响;原位钝化技术具有快速提升水体透明度和溶解氧含量、抑制底泥污染物释放、降低水体营养盐含量及抑制藻类生长等特点,且实施方便、成本低廉,在湖泊底泥污染治理和水体富营养化防治领域具有广阔应用前景。