pH dependence of persulfate activation by EDTA/Fe(III) for degradation of trichloroethylene

The ability of free ferrous ion activated persulfate (S₂O₈²⁻) to generate sulfate radicals (SO₄⁻) for the oxidation of trichloroethylene (TCE) is limited by the scavenging of SO₄⁻ with excess Fe²⁺ and a quick conversion of Fe²⁺ to Fe³⁺. This study investigated the applicability of ethylene-diamine-tetra-acetic acid (EDTA) chelated Fe³⁺ in activating persulfate for the destruction of TCE in aqueous phase under pH 3, 7 and 10. Fe³⁺ and EDTA alone did not appreciably degrade persulfate. The presence of TCE in the EDTA/Fe³⁺ activated persulfate system can induce faster persulfate and EDTA degradation due to iron recycling to activate persulfate under a higher pH condition. Increasing the pH leads to increases in pseudo-first-order-rate constants for TCE, S₂O₈²⁻ and EDTA degradations, and Cl generation. Accordingly, the experiments at pH 10 with different EDTA/Fe³⁺ molar ratios indicated that a 1/1 ratio resulted in a remarkably higher degradation rate at the early stage of reaction as compared to results by other ratios. Higher persulfate dosage under the EDTA/Fe³⁺ molar ratio of 1/1 resulted in greater TCE degradation rates. However, increases in persulfate concentration may also lead to an increase in the rate of persulfate consumption.     

S/N质量比对硫化物自养反硝化过程N2O还原与积累的影响

利用成熟硫化物自养反硝化活性污泥,采用微电极系统探讨初始S/N比率对N2O还原与积累释放的影响。研究结果表明,在硫化物自养脱氮过程中,提高初始S/N有效缓解了不同氮还原酶之间的电子竞争,不仅明显提高了N2O与NO3-的降解速度,而且能避免了NO2-、FNA以及N2O的积累。其中,N2O的积累量与FNA的积累量正相关且变化倍数接近,表明FNA的存在可能会明显抑制N2O还原酶活性;而硫化物在一定范围内提高浓度,不仅不会对硫化物自养反硝化脱氮过程产生抑制,反而会促进自养反硝化过程的进行,降低N2O的积累释放。     

Effects of Mn(II) and Fe(II) on microbial removal of arsenic (III)

Goal, scope, and background  Arsenic contamination in groundwater creates severe health problems in the world. There are many physiochemical and biological methods available for remediation of arsenic from groundwater. Among them, microbial remediation could be taken as one of the least expensive methods, though it takes longer treatment time. The main objective of this research was to study the improvement on remediation by addition of some essential ion salts such as Mn and Fe. Materials and methods   Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Klebsiella oxytoca, and Escherichia coli were taken as model microbes from Dhulikhel, 30 km east from Kathmandu, Nepal. Results and discussion  Microbes used in this study showed different abilities in their removal of As(III) with and without addition of Mn and Fe salts. The trend of remediation increased with time. S. aureus was found to be the best among the microbes used. It showed almost 100% removal after 48-h culture, both with and without Fe and Mn salts. Rate of removal of As increased with addition of Fe and Mn for all microbes. Removal efficiency was found to increase by about 32% on average after addition of salts in 24-h cultures of S. aureus.     

pH值和碳氮比对亚硝酸型反硝化影响的研究

利用序批式反应器中长期驯化好的以亚硝酸盐为主要基质的纯种污泥,做锥形瓶实验,分别研究pH和碳氮比对亚硝酸型反硝化的影响。结果表明,亚硝酸型反硝化适宜的pH范围在7.7～8.6,最佳pH值在8.2左右;碳氮比（C/N）大于1.94,可实现连续稳定的脱氮效果,起始亚硝氮比基质降解速率随C/N的增加而增加,大于3.11速率几乎不再增加,通过动力学分析,得出该实验条件下C/N的饱和常数Ks为9.36。     

不同环境因素对厌氧甲烷氧化型自养反硝化系统脱氮性能的影响及其微生物群落分析

采用序批实验研究了不同环境因素(甲烷供应、初始硝氮浓度和pH值)对厌氧甲烷氧化型反硝化系统脱氮性能的影响,并采用高通量测序对不同pH下反应器内微生物群落结构进行了分析.结果 表明:当甲烷供给充足时,系统反硝化效果明显;随着初始硝氮浓度的升高,系统平均脱氮率呈现先升高后下降的趋势,表明适当增大硝氮质量浓度(＜30 mg·...     

溶解氧分区控制的一段式自养脱氮工艺的性能及其中微生物的特征

针对一段式自养脱氮工艺普遍存在脱氮性能较差或不稳定的问题,提出了溶解氧分区控制的策略,研发了一种内外分层、溶解氧分区的新型自养脱氮反应器。通过改变反应器的进水氮负荷和调控曝气量,考察其溶解氧分区效果和脱氮性能变化,并探究长期运行过程中微生物群落结构特征。结果表明：在为期250 d的连续实验中,新型反应器能实现良好的溶解氧分区效果,可有效强化氨氧化速率和厌氧氨氧化速率,总氮去除率到达84.3%,氮去除速率为0.84 kg·(m³·d) ⁻¹,自养脱氮性能得到了提升;反应器中微生物群落结构趋向单一,浮霉菌门始终维持较高丰度（7.6%~10.5%）,厌氧氨氧化菌的优势菌属则发生了由Candidatus Kuenenia向Candidatus Brocadia的演替,而亚硝酸盐氧化菌生长受到抑制。本研究结果可为自养脱氮工艺的应用提供参考。     

Fe(II)EDTA/H_2O_2电催化降解甲基橙模拟废水的研究

在无隔膜电解槽中,采用SPR(Ru-Ir-TiO_2)为阳极,石墨为阴极,考察了Fe(II)EDTA/H_2O_2电催化降解甲基橙(methyl orange)模拟废水的影响,发现EDTA很大程度上促进了类电Fenton试剂对甲基橙模拟废水的降解.实验研究表明,在外加电压为5.0v,EDTA:Fe~(2+) =2:1(摩尔比,Fe~(2+) =40 mmol/L),H_2O_2=48 mmol/L,电解质Na_2SO_4=40 mmol/L,废水pH值为(6.5±0.1)的条件下,降解260 mg/L的甲基橙模拟废水90 min,EDTA的加入可以使甲基橙模拟废水的脱色率由29.5%上升到78.4%,COD由571.429 mg/L降至80 mg/L,COD的降解率为86%,EDTA在此过程中既是催化剂又是反应物,可有效避免EDTA带来二次环境污染的可能性.     

Comparison of hematite/Fe(II) systems with cement/Fe(II) systems in reductively dechlorinating trichloroethylene

Reactive reductants of cement/Fe(II) systems in dechlorinating chlorinated hydrocarbons are unknown. This study initially evaluated reactivities of potential reactive agents of cement/Fe(II) systems such as hematite (alpha-Fe(2)O(3)), goethite (alpha-FeOOH), lepidocrocite (gamma-FeOOH), akaganeite (beta-FeOOH), ettringite (Ca(6)Al(2)(SO(4))(3)(OH)(12)), Friedel's salt (Ca(4)Al(2)Cl(2)(OH)(12)), and hydrocalumite (Ca(2)Al(OH)(6)(OH).3H(2)O) in reductively dechlorinating trichloroethylene (TCE) in the presence of Fe(II). It was found that a hematite/Fe(II) system shows TCE degradation characteristics similar to those of cement/Fe(II) systems in terms of degradation kinetics, Fe(II) dose dependence, and final products distribution. It was therefore suspected that Fe(III)-containing phases of cement hydrates in cement/Fe(II) systems behaved similarly to the hematite. CaO, which was initially introduced as a pH buffer, was observed to participate in or catalyze the formation of reactive reductants in the hematite/Fe(II) system, because its addition enhanced the reactivities of hematite/Fe(II) systems. From the SEM (scanning electron microscope) and XRD (X-ray diffraction) analyses that were carried out on the solids from hematite/Fe(II) suspensions, it was discovered that a sulfate green rust with a hexagonal-plate structure was probably a reactive reductant for TCE. However, SEM analyses conducted on a cement/Fe(II) system showed that hexagonal-plate crystals, which were presumed to be sulfate green rusts, were much less abundant in the cement/Fe(II) than in the hematite/Fe(II) systems. It was not possible to identify any crystalline minerals in the cement/Fe(II) system by using XRD analysis, probably because of the complexity of the cement hydrates. These observations suggest that major reactive reductants of cement/Fe(II) systems may differ from those of hematite/Fe(II) systems.     

Effect of reactive media composition and co-contaminants on sulfur-based autotrophic denitrification

As a part of a study developing a biological reactive barrier system to treat nitrate-contaminated groundwater, the effects of reactive media composition and co-contaminants on sulfur-oxidizing autotrophic denitrification were investigated. The size of sulfur granules affected the denitrification rates; kinetic constants of 2.883, 2.949, and 0.677 mg-N(1/2)/L(1/2)/day were obtained when the granule sizes were below 2 mm, between 2 and 5 mm, and over 5 mm, respectively. When the volume ratios of sulfur to limestone were 1:1, 2:1, 3:1, and 4:1, kinetic constants of 5.490, 3.903, 4.072, and 2.984 mg-N(1/2)/L(1/2)/day were obtained, respectively. The presence of TCE up to 20 mg/L didn't significantly affect nitrate removal efficiency. At the TCE concentration of 80 mg/L, however, nitrate removal was markedly inhibited. Also, Zn and Cu inhibited the denitrification activity at more than 0.5 mg/L of concentration whereas Cr (VI) did not significantly affect the nitrate removal efficiency at all levels tested.     

碳氮比对不同滤料反硝化滤池脱氮效果的影响

以乙酸钠为碳源,分别考察了以石英砂和生物陶粒为滤料的2种反硝化滤池在不同C/N比条件下的脱氮效果,并对生物膜量和微生物种群进行了分析。结果表明：2种滤池对硝酸盐和TN都有较好的去除效果,且生物陶粒滤池要明显优于石英砂滤池;从经济性考虑,C/N比为4时的碳源投加量是最佳的,此时石英砂池和生物陶粒池出水TN平均浓度分别低于10 mg·L-1和5 mg·L-1,亚硝酸盐含量在0.5 mg·L-1以下。2柱的生物膜量沿着水流方向都逐渐减少,且生物陶粒池的生物膜量明显高于石英砂池。高通量测序结果表明,2滤池系统的物种多样性相差不大,在门的分类水平上,2个系统的主要优势菌群都属于Proteobacteria（变形菌门）,含量在94%以上;在属的分类水平上,2柱的反硝化功能菌都主要是Dechloromonas（脱氯单胞菌属）和Thauera（陶厄氏菌属）,但含量上存在一定差异。     

Preparation,characterization, and Cd(II) sorption of/on cysteine-montmorillonite composites synthesized at various pH

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Montmorillonite-cysteine could be used as the immobilizer, detector, and detoxifier of heavy metals. To further the understanding and the application,...     

温度、pH对微生物燃料电池产电的影响研究

采用SPSS分析软件,考察了双室微生物燃料电池(MFC)、单室MFC运行过程中,温度、pH与产电性能的相关关系。结果表明,碳纸双室MFC的日均电压与温度、阳极pH均未呈现显著相关关系,而与阴极pH呈极显著相关关系,产电的决定性因素为阴极反应;石墨毡/碳纸双室MFC日均电压与温度未呈现显著相关关系,而与阳极pH、阴极pH均呈极显著相关关系,产电的决定性因素为pH;单室MFC的产电性能受温度的影响较大,而pH对其影响不显著,对于单室MFC的运行调控应主要从温度入手。     

C/N比和曝气量影响MBR同步硝化反硝化的研究

通过连续运行MBR研究了C/N比和曝气量对同步硝化反硝化的影响,结果表明,在环境温度13～23℃,MLSS为6.0～6.8 g/L,进水NH⁺₄-N浓度50 mg/L,曝气量0.5 m³/h,HRT为6 h实验条件下,总氮去除率随着进水C/N比的增加而增加,在C/N比为6∶1～8∶1时,TN去除率达到79%～89%,低的C/N比抑制反硝化,过高的C/N比增加了碳源补加的成本。改变反应曝气量,当C/N比为6∶1,曝气量为0.4 m³/h时,TN的去除率达到了最大值85%。曝气量过高或过低,TN去除率均下降。并对在不同曝气量下MBR 内的DO 值分布进行了初步研究。     

生物滞留土壤质地与汇流比对微生物硝化、反硝化过程的影响

生物滞留是工程设计的土壤-植物-微生物共同作用的系统,可有效收集和处理城市地表径流。但是,对城市地表径流氮污染去除变化范围大。由于缺乏直接定量生物滞留反硝化微生物丰度和活性以及工程设计的影响,限制了提高氮去除的工程设计优化。我们在海绵城市建设试点常德选择了15个土壤基质质地和汇流比设计不同的生物滞留设施 (湿式生物滞留和干式生物滞留) ,通过采集土壤基质,测定生物滞留土壤基质反硝化潜势 (DEA) 和硝化潜势 (PN) ,采用qPCR定量硝化基因 (amoA) 和反硝化基因 (narG、napA、nirS、nirK、norB和nosZ) 丰度,研究生物滞留土壤质地与汇流比对微生物硝化与反硝化过程的影响。结果表明,生物滞留土壤质地与汇流比对土壤基质微生物反硝化潜势与反硝化功能基因丰度具有重要的影响。土壤基质为粘壤土和高汇流比设计的湿式生物滞留微生物反硝化功能基因与反硝化潜势显著高于壤土基质与低汇流比的干式生物滞留。湿式和干式生物滞留DEA分别为2.47 mg·kg⁻¹·h⁻¹和0.17 mg·kg⁻¹·h⁻¹,总反硝化功能基因丰度分别为1.80×10⁹ copies·g⁻¹和5.70×10⁸ copies·g⁻¹。土壤基质反硝化菌群与反硝化潜势随基质粘粒含量和汇流比升高而增加。滞水设计或处于饱和淹水状况明显可提高微生物反硝化功能。另外,微生物反硝化功能基因丰度与反硝化潜势也与土壤基质中有机碳和TN呈明显正相关。通过改进生物滞留工程设计可增加反硝化作用并减少氮向受纳水体的输出。本研究结果可为提高城市地表径流氮污染去除效果提供工程案例参考。     

Sonolysis of alkylphenols in aqueous solution with Fe(II) and Fe(III)

The sonolytic degradation of alkylphenols (APs), such as butylphenol, pentylphenol, octylphenol, and nonylphenol (NP), in water was investigated at a sound frequency of 200 kHz with an acoustic intensity of 6 W cm(-2) under argon, oxygen, and air atmospheres. The sonolytic degradation rate of the APs under the conditions of the present study depended upon their alkyl chain length. The decrease in the degradation rate by the radical scavenging effect was in the range of about 48-82% for APs in the presence of 3 mM 2-methyl-2-propanol. The free radicals play a significant role in the sonolytic degradation process of the APs. In the presence of Fe(II) and Fe(III), the pseudo-first-order rate constants for the sonolytic degradation of 30 microM NP as a function of the concentration of Fe(II) and Fe(III) were estimated under argon and oxygen. The maximum rate constants were observed at 50 microM Fe(II) (0.139 +/- 0.008 min(-1)) and 100 microM Fe(III) (0.103 +/- 0.001 min(-1)) under oxygen. The total organic carbon concentration (TOC) was investigated under same conditions. TOC decreased in the range of about 50-70% during the sonication in the presence of Fe(II) and Fe(III) under argon and oxygen. The sonochemical effects by the addition of Fe(II) and Fe(III) as catalyst during the sonication under the proper atmosphere result in a remarkable enhancement of degradation and mineralization.     

pH对同步硝化反硝化生物膜内溶解氧分布的影响

采用序批式生物膜反应器处理污水,为了证实同步硝化反硝化生物膜中微区环境的分区现象,研究了pH处于6.5~8.5时pH对该SBBR系统TN去除的影响和各pH条件下的生物膜内溶解氧分布情况,结果表明,随着pH的升高其总氮去除呈上升趋势,并在pH=8.0时达到最高70%;膜内溶解氧浓度均随深度的增加而下降,并在2 000 μm左右处降至0,呈明显分区现象;A~F的DO分布在pH=8.5时所受影响最明显,而同一深度不同pH下的平均DO随pH的增加呈略微下降趋势。     

Simultaneous oxidation of EDTA and reduction of metal ions in mixed Cu(II)/Fe(III)-EDTA system by TiO2 photocatalysis

Both the photooxidation of EDTA and the photoreduction of metal ions in metal-EDTA systems were investigated. EDTA oxidation by TiO(2) photocatalysis occurred sequentially as Cu(II)-EDTA>Cu(II)/Fe(III)-EDTA>Fe(III)-EDTA. For Cu(II)-EDTA, EDTA was completely decomposed after only 60min of irradiation. The rate of EDTA decomposition was directly correlated with the initial Cu(II) concentration in the case of a mixed Cu(II)/Fe(III)-EDTA system. The metal ions in a single metal-EDTA complex were removed following significant decomposition of EDTA. For a mixed Cu(II)/Fe(III)-EDTA system, however, no copper was removed whereas almost all of the iron was removed. The iron and copper species deposited on the TiO(2) surface were identified via EPR and XPS as mixed FeO/Fe(3)O(4) and Cu(0)/Cu(2)O, respectively.     

人工湿地中的SND机理以及DO、pH对其的影响

人工湿地中的水生植物向系统中输送大量的DO,并为系统中的微生物提供栖息地,使得系统中连续同时发生硝化和反硝化（SND）反应。DO的高低直接影响到人工湿地系统SND的效果,根据SND的发生机理,可采用复合植物床（系统前端栽种泌氧能力强、后端泌氧能力稍弱的水生植物）和间歇运行的的方式来改善整个系统的脱氮能力。pH过高或过低都会抑制人工湿地系统的SND作用,最适宜值为7．0,据此可以选择适当pH的湿地填料来提高系统的SND作用。     

Reduction of Ag(I), Au(III), Cu(II), and Hg(II) by Fe(II)/Fe(III) hydroxysulfate green rust

Green rusts are mixed Fe(II)/Fe(III) hydroxides that are found in many suboxic environments where they are believed to play a central role in the biogeochemical cycling of iron. X-ray absorption fine structure analysis of hydroxysulfate green rust suspensions spiked with aqueous solutions of AgCH(3)COO, AuCl(n)(OH)(4-n), CuCl(2), or HgCl(2) showed that Ag(I), Au(III), Cu(II), and Hg(II) were readily reduced to Ag(0), Au(0), Cu(0), and Hg(0). Imaging of the resulting solids from the Ag(I)-, Au(III)-, and Cu(II)-amended green rust suspensions by transmission electron microscopy indicated the formation of submicron-sized particles of Ag(0), Au(0), and Cu(0). The facile reduction of Ag(I), Au(III), Cu(II), and Hg(II) to Ag(0), Au(0), Cu(0), and Hg(0), respectively, by green rust suggests that the presence of green rusts in suboxic soils and sediments can have a significant impact on the biogeochemistry of silver, gold, copper, and mercury, particularly with respect to their mobility.     

混合液回流比对多点进水新型A/O/A/A/O泥膜耦合工艺脱氮除磷的影响

针对中国南方城镇低碳氮比(低C/N)生活污水的脱氮除磷问题,开发并设计了新型多点进水A1/O2/A3/A4/O5泥膜耦合工艺及中试装置.在进水点1和进水点2的进水流量比为4:6的条件下,通过改变混合液回流比,研究了其对系统中有机物、氮、磷的去除影响及氮素的转化规律.结果表明:当平均进水低C/N比为2.09,混合液回流比...