中国重点污染源总磷、总氮排放状况研究

中国氮、磷污染较为突出,然而氮、磷排放负荷底数不清,尤其是对具有监管优势的工业源和城镇生活源研究不足。利用《中国环境统计公报》数据和污染源监督性监测数据,对中国重点污染源的总磷、总氮排放状况分析得出:农业源是总磷、总氮的主要排放源;污水处理厂、工业企业的总磷、总氮排放浓度基本持平,规模化畜禽养殖企业总磷排放浓度较高;工业源中化工、农副食品加工等大类行业总磷、总氮排放量较大,淀粉制造等小类行业总磷、总氮排放量也较大;中国总磷、总氮排放主要集中在中东部地区。     

添加过磷酸钙和糠醛渣对好氧堆肥过程中氨气排放和氮素转化的影响

针对好氧堆肥过程中产生的二次污染问题,以牛粪和小麦秸秆为原料,探究了添加过磷酸钙(SP)和糠醛渣(FR)对户外条垛式好氧堆肥过程中氨气排放和氮素转化的影响.结果表明,添加过磷酸钙降低了堆体的pH,减少了19.65％的氨气排放量,但是其N2O排放量增加了20.8％;添加糠醛渣后堆肥的高温期延长了7 d,增加了69.59％的氨气排放量,但是其N2O排放量减少了68.79％.添加过磷酸钙后,NH4+-N增加了40％～80％,这可能是在升温期和高温期该处理的N2O排放高于对照的主要原因;酸解总氮降低了2.21％～13.71％,这说明添加过磷酸钙促进了有机态氮向无机氮的转化.添加糠醛渣降低了NH4+-N质量分数,增加了总氮的质量分数.添加过磷酸钙通过降低pH减少NH3排放;添加糠醛渣有利于提高总氮质量分数和减少N2o的排放.本研究结果可为好氧堆肥中氨气和氧化亚氮的减排提供参考.     

纺织行业水污染物排放量的关键影响要素研究

分析了2005—2012年纺织行业单位产品的用水量、主要水污染物排放强度和排放浓度的变化趋势,并采用灰色关联度分析方法,对各要素与行业主要水污染物排放量进行了关联分析。结果显示,2005—2012年中国纺织行业主要水污染物的排放强度显著下降,2012年COD和氨氮的排放强度分别为5.93、0.41kg/t,相比2005年分别下降了51.9%和39.7%。与纺织行业COD排放量变化最为密切的指标是单位产品的废水排放量、单位产品取水量与单位产品COD排放量,说明纺织行业生产工艺的提升对行业COD排放量的降低有较为密切的关系。与氨氮排放量变化最为密切的指标是单位企业产品产量、氨氮平均排放浓度与总量类指标,说明企业规模、末端治理工艺与氨氮排放量有较为密切的关系。     

山东省工业废水中石油类污染物排放特征及减排潜力分析

基于环境和经济统计数据,分析了山东省重点工业行业废水中石油类污染物的排放特征,并通过情景分析对2020年该省重点行业的石油类污染物减排潜力进行了测算。结果表明,2006—2012年山东省石油类污染物排放的行业结构特征明显,包括石化行业在内的7个重点行业的排放量占该省排放总量的85%以上;从年际变化来看,石油和天然气开采业和石油加工、炼焦及核燃料加工业的排放量所占比例出现明显的下降,由2006年的约48%下降至2012年的20%左右;而煤炭开采和洗选业的排放量所占比例明显上升,由2006年的0.18%迅速增加到2012年的23.69%,成为山东省工业废水石油类污染物排放的主要行业;在设计的高标准方案下,2020年石油类污染物的排放量预计为485.31t,比2012年降低了8%,其中石化行业的石油类污染物减排潜力最大,与基准情景相比,2020年在高标准方案下石油类污染物的削减量约达1 006t,约占减排总量的55%。     

中国主要排放源的非故意产生六氯苯和多氯联苯大气排放清单探讨

六氯苯和多氯联苯是被列入<斯德哥尔摩公约>附件C中要求采取减排控制措施的非故意产生持久性有机污染物,目前尚没有关于它们在中国的排放清单方面的研究报道.参考日本环境省基于实测数据编制的排放因子,计算了以2008为基准年的中国主要排放源的非故意产生六氯苯和多氯联苯大气排放清单.结果表明,由主要行业产生的六氯苯年排放量为528 704 g,多氯联苯的年排放量为7 762 615 g.对于六氯苯,主要排放源依次为水泥行业(42.356%)、电炉炼钢(27.549%)、钢铁烧结过程(14.731%)和初级铜冶炼(7.774%);对于多氯联苯,水泥行业占了排放量的90%以上.上述排放源应当在制订其减排战略和行动计划时予以关注和优先考虑.     

广东省火电行业SO2排放控制对策探讨

广东省火电行业的SO2排放量占重点工业企业SO2排放量的70%.随对电力能源的需求越大,广东省的SO2排放控制面临的压力就越大.介绍了广东省火电行业SO2排放和能源消耗情况的现状,重点分析了广东省火电行业SO2排放控制的政策、措施,针对目前管理中存在的问题提出了对策、建议.     

医疗废物排放统计变量的选择及排放系数的确定

为解决医疗行业废物排放量核定难的问题，通过对医疗机构废物产生量的调查、统计、分析，在确定医疗废物排放统计变量的基础上，得出相应的医疗废物排放系数，以供排污申报医疗废物排放量的核定。     

我国氮氧化物排放因子的修正和排放量计算:2000年

根据我国城市的发展状况 ,采用城市分类的方法 ,将我国 2 6 1个地级市按照人口数量分为 5个类别。每类城市选取一个典型城市进行实地调查 ,对我国燃烧锅炉和机动车的NOx 的排放因子进行了修正 ,提出了适合我国目前排放水平的各类城市的固定源和移动源的排放因子。并依据 2 0 0 0年中国大陆地区的电站锅炉、工业锅炉和民用炉具的燃料消耗量和机动车保有量 ,以地级市为基本单位 ,估算了 2 0 0 0年我国各地区的NOx 排放量 ,分析了分地区、分行业、分燃料类型的NOx 排放特征。 2 0 0 0年我国NOx 排放总量为 11.12Mt,其中固定源占 6 0 .8% ;移动源占 39.2 %。NOx 排放在地域、行业和燃料类型上分布均不平衡。NOx 的排放主要集中在华东和华北地区 ,其排放量占全国排放量的一半以上。燃煤为最重要的NOx 排放源 ,其排放量占燃料型NOx 排放量的 72 .3%左右。     

乌鲁木齐市固定燃烧点源大气污染物排放清单

通过现场调研结合物料衡算法、排放因子法,建立了2015年乌鲁木齐市固定燃烧点源大气污染物CO、NO_x、SO_2和PM_(2.5)排放清单。结果表明,2015年乌鲁木齐市CO、NO_x、SO_2、PM_(2.5)的排放量分别为4.41×10~4、6.20×10~4、4.61×10~4、1.57×10~4t;从排放污染物的行业来看,采矿与制造业对4种污染物排放的贡献最大,其对CO、NO_x、SO_2、PM_(2.5)排放的贡献率分别为49.02%、42.17%、48.40%、78.55%。从地区分布来看,米东区污染物排放量最大,其对CO、NO_x、SO_2、PM_(2.5)排放的贡献率分别为46.99%、45.90%、51.69%、29.68%。从排放时间来看,供暖季污染物的排放量明显高于非供暖季,白天的污染物排放量高于夜晚。采用蒙特卡罗统计法分析预测的污染物排放量与排放清单计算结果较为接近。     

关于硝酸工业污染物排放标准的研究

中国近10年来硝酸工业快速发展,但该行业的污染治理和环境管理情况却没有得到同步发展和应有的重视,对环境已造成了严重污染.现行综合排放标准已无法对硝酸工业污染起到控制作用.分析了硝酸工业污染排放情况和国内外相关的排放标准,针对中国实际情况提出了该行业污染物排放标准制定思路,严格控制硝酸工业NOx 和总氮排放,并建议利用国际清洁发展机制对温室气体N2O实施减排控制.     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Observations on the influence of water and soil pH on the persistence of insecticides

Abstract

The pH‐disappearance rate profiles were determined at ca. 25°C for 24 insecticides at 4 or 5 pH values over the range 4.5 to 8.0 in sterile phosphate buffers prepared in water‐ethanol (99: 1 v/v). Half‐lives measured at pH 8 were generally smaller than at lower pH values. Changes in half lives between pH 8.0 and 4.5 were largest (>1000x) for the aryl carbamates, carbofuran and carbaryl, the oxime carbamate, oxamyl, and the organophosphorus insecticide, trichlorfon. In contrast, half lives of phorate, terbufos, heptachlor, fensulfothion and aldicarb were affected only slightly by pH changes. Under the experimental conditions described half lives at pH8 varied from 1–2 days for trichlorfon and oxamyl to >1 year for fensulfothion and cyper‐methrin. Insecticide persistence on alumina (acid, neutral and basic), mineral soils amended with aluminum sulfate or calcium hydroxide to different pH values and four natural soils of different pH was examined. No correlation was observed between the measured pH of these solids and the rate of disappearance of selected insecticides applied to them. These observations demonstrate the difficulty of extrapolating the pH dependent disappearance behaviour observed in homogeneous solution to partially solid heterogeneous systems such as soil.     

Radionuclides in pinon pine (Pinus edulis) nuts from los alamos national laboratory lands and the dose from consumption

Abstract

One of the dominant tree species growing within and around the eastern portion of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, lands is the pinon pine (Pinus edulis). Pinon pine is used for firewood, fence posts, and building materials and is a source of nuts for food—the seeds are consumed by a wide variety of animals and are also gathered by people in the area and eaten raw or roasted. This study investigated the (1) concentration of ³H, ¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu, and²⁴¹ Am in soils (0‐ to 12‐in. [31 cm] depth underneath the tree), pinon pine shoots (PPS), and pinon pine nuts (PPN) collected from LANL lands and regional background (BG) locations, (2) committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) from the ingestion of nuts, and (3) soil to PPS to PPN concentration ratios (CRs). Most radionuclides, with the exception of ³H in soils, were not significantly higher (p < 0.10) in soils, PPS, and PPN collected from LANL as compared to BG locations, and concentrations of most radionuclides in PPN from LANL have decreased over time. The maximum net CEDE (the CEDE plus two sigma minus BG) at the most conservative ingestion rate (10 lb [4.5 kg]) was 0.0018 mrem (0.018 μSv); this is far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem (1000 μSv). Soil‐to‐nut CRs for most radionuclides were within the range of default values in the literature for common fruits and vegetables.     

Degradation and sorption of imidacloprid in dissimilar surface and subsurface soils

Degradation and sorption/desorption are important processes affecting the leaching of pesticides through soil. This research characterized the degradation and sorption of imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) in Drummer (silty clay loam) and Exeter (sandy loam) surface soils and their corresponding subsurface soils using sequential extraction methods over 400 days. By the end of the incubation, approximately 55% of imidacloprid applied at a rate of 1.0 mg kg^?1 degraded in the Exeter sandy loam surface and subsurface soils, compared to 40% of applied imidacloprid within 300 days in Drummer surface and subsurface soils. At the 0.1 mg kg^?1 application rate, dissipation was slower for all four soils. Water-extractable imidacloprid in Exeter surface soil decreased from 98% of applied at day 1 to > 70% of the imidacloprid remaining after 400 d, as compared to 55% in the Drummer surface soil at day 1 and 12% at day 400. These data suggest that imidacloprid was bioavailable to degrading soil microorganisms and sorption/desorption was not the limiting factor for biodegradation. In subsurface soils > 40% of ¹⁴C-benzoic acid was mineralized over 21 days, demonstrating an active microbial community. In contrast, cumulative ¹⁴CO₂ was less than 1.5% of applied ¹⁴C-imidacloprid in all soils over 400 d. Qualitative differences in the microbial communities appear to limit the degradation of imidacloprid in the subsurface soils.     

Evaluation of trichloroethene recovery processes in heterogeneous aquifer cells flushed with biodegradable surfactants

The ability of two biodegradable surfactants, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) and sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate (Aerosol MA), to recover a representative dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL), trichloroethene (TCE), from heterogeneous porous media was evaluated through a combination of batch and aquifer cell experiments. An aqueous solution containing 3.3% Aerosol MA, 8% 2-propanol and 6 g/l CaCl(2) yielded a weight solubilization ratio (WSR) of 1.21 g TCE/g surfactant, with a corresponding liquid-liquid interfacial tension (IFT) of 0.19 dyn/cm. Flushing of aquifer cells containing a TCE-DNAPL source zone with approximately two pore volumes of the AMA formulation resulted in substantial (>30%) mobilization of TCE-DNAPL. However, a TCE mass recovery of 81% was achieved when the aqueous-phase flow rate was sufficient to displace the mobile TCE-DNAPL toward the effluent well. Aqueous solutions of Tween 80 exhibited a greater capacity to solubilize TCE (WSR=1.74 g TCE/g surfactant) and exerted markedly less reduction in IFT (10.4 dyn/cm). These data contradict an accepted empirical correlation used to estimate IFT values from solubilization capacity, and indicate a unique capacity of T80 to form concentrated TCE emulsions. Flushing of aquifer cells with less than 2.5 pore volumes of a 4% T80 solution achieved TCE mass recoveries ranging from 66 to 85%, with only slight TCE-DNAPL mobilization (<5%) occurring when the total trapping number exceeded 2 x 10(-5). These findings demonstrate the ability of Tween 80 and Aerosol MA solutions to efficiently recover TCE from a heterogeneous DNAPL source zone, and the utility of the total trapping number as a design parameter for a priori prediction of DNAPL mobilization and bank angle formation when flushing with low-IFT solutions. Given their potential to stimulate microbial reductive dechlorination at low concentrations, these surfactants are well-suited for remedial action plans that couple aggressive mass removal followed by enhanced bioremediation to treat chlorinated solvent source zones.     

Biochemical interaction of six op delayed neurotoxicants with several neurotargets

Abstract

Five organophosphorous insecticides: Leptophos, EPN, Cyano‐fenphos, trichloronate and salithion proved to cause irreversible ataxia not only to chicken but also to mice and sheep. TOCP was included as a reference. Cyanofenphos blocked the catecholamine B‐receptor binding activity with ³H‐norepinephrine at a level similar to that of the specific inhibitor propranolol in the mouse heart preparation. In the lamb heart preparation, the B‐receptor was more sensitive to Leptophos, salithion and TOCP than to propranolol. The six compounds and their oxons were screened for their in‐vitro inhibition to monamine oxidase (MAO), acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) and neurotoxic esterase (NTE) in the brain of either mouse, lamb or chicken. It is believed that their AChE inhibition stands for their acute toxicity, while NTE inhibition is responsible for their paralytic ataxia.     

Phytoextraction of lead-contaminated soil using vetivergrass (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Vetiveria zizanioides</Emphasis> L.), cogongrass (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Imperata cylindrica</Emphasis> L.) and carabaograss (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Paspalum conjugatum</Emphasis> L.)

Background, Aims and Scope The global problem concerning contamination of the environment as a consequence of human activities is increasing. Most of the environmental contaminants are chemical by-products and heavy metals such as lead (Pb). Lead released into the environment makes its way into the air, soil and water. Lead contributes to a variety of health effects such as decline in mental, cognitive and physical health of the individual. An alternative way of reducing Pb concentration from the soil is through phytoremediation. Phytoremediation is an alternative method that uses plants to clean up a contaminated area. The objectives of this study were: (1) to determine the survival rate and vegetative characteristics of three grass species such as vetivergrass, cogongrass and carabaograss grown in soils with different Pb levels; and (2) to determine and compare the ability of the three grass species as potential phytoremediators in terms of Pb accumulation by plants. Methods The three test plants: vetivergrass (Vetiveria zizanioides L.); cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica L.); and carabaograss (Paspalum conjugatum L.) were grown in individual plastic bags containing soils with 75 mg kg⁻¹ (37.5 kg ha⁻¹) and 150 mg kg⁻¹ (75 kg ha⁻¹) of Pb, respectively. The Pb contents of the test plants and the soil were analyzed before and after experimental treatments using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. This study was laid out following a 3 × 2 factorial experiment in a completely randomized design. Results On the vegetative characteristics of the test plants, vetivergrass registered the highest whole plant dry matter weight (33.85–39.39 Mg ha⁻¹). Carabaograss had the lowest herbage mass production of 4.12 Mg ha⁻¹ and 5.72 Mg ha⁻¹ from soils added with 75 and 150 mg Pb kg⁻¹, respectively. Vetivergrass also had the highest percent plant survival which meant it best tolerated the Pb contamination in soils. Vetivergrass registered the highest rate of Pb absorption (10.16 ± 2.81 mg kg⁻¹). This was followed by cogongrass (2.34 ± 0.52 mg kg⁻¹) and carabaograss with a mean Pb level of 0.49 ± 0.56 mg kg⁻¹. Levels of Pb among the three grasses (shoots + roots) did not vary significantly with the amount of Pb added (75 and 150 mg kg⁻¹) to the soil. Discussion Vetivergrass yielded the highest biomass; it also has the greatest amount of Pb absorbed (roots + shoots). This can be attributed to the highly extensive root system of vetivergrass with the presence of an enormous amount of root hairs. Extensive root system denotes more contact to nutrients in soils, therefore more likelihood of nutrient absorption and Pb uptake. The efficiency of plants as phytoremediators could be correlated with the plants’ total biomass. This implies that the higher the biomass, the greater the Pb uptake. Plants characteristically exhibit remarkable capacity to absorb what they need and exclude what they do not need. Some plants utilize exclusion mechanisms, where there is a reduced uptake by the roots or a restricted transport of the metals from root to shoots. Combination of high metal accumulation and high biomass production results in the most metal removal from the soil. Conclusions The present study indicated that vetivergrass possessed many beneficial characteristics to uptake Pb from contaminated soil. It was the most tolerant and could grow in soil contaminated with high Pb concentration. Cogongrass and carabaograss are also potential phytoremediators since they can absorb small amount of Pb in soils, although cogongrass is more tolerant to Pb-contaminated soil compared with carabaograss. The important implication of our findings is that vetivergrass can be used for phytoextraction on sites contaminated with high levels of heavy metals; particularly Pb. Recommendations and Perspectives High levels of Pb in localized areas are still a concern especially in urban areas with high levels of traffic, near Pb smelters, battery plants, or industrial facilities that burn fuel ending up in water and soils. The grasses used in the study, and particularly vetivergrass, can be used to phytoremediate urban soil with various contaminations by planting these grasses in lawns and public parks. ESS-Submission Editor: Dr. Willie Peijnenburg (wjgm.peijnenburg@rivm.nl)