室内灰尘中多环芳烃及其衍生物的赋存与人体暴露研究进展

多环芳烃(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs)作为典型的持久性有机污染物(persistent organic pollutants,POPs)中的重要类别,具有半挥发性、生物蓄积性、长期残留性和明显的毒性(包括致癌、致畸、致突变)等特点,因此是环境中的一类重要污染物.PAHs衍...     

天津市松针中可挥发全(多)氟取代烷基化合物的分布

本研究调查了天津市松针中6种可挥发PFASs的浓度水平,旨在探讨松针作为可挥发PFASs天然被动采样装置的可行性.结果表明,松针中可挥发PFASs的总浓度范围为0.43—45.69 ng·g-1(脂质),平均浓度4.92 ng·g-1(脂质),不同采样点PFASs的浓度水平存在差异.8∶2氟调醇和10∶2氟调醇是松针中的主要检出物,8∶2氟调醇的检出率高达85%,浓度在0.23—17.46 ng·g-1(脂质)之间,10∶2氟调醇全部被检出,浓度范围为0.43—28.23 ng·g-1(脂质);N-乙基全氟辛烷磺酰胺和N-乙基全氟辛烷磺酰胺基乙醇的检出率较低;而N-甲基全氟辛烷磺酰胺基乙醇和6∶2氟调醇在松针中未被检出.松针中氟调醇的浓度水平随着碳链长度增加而增加.与大气被动采样器相比,松针可作为被动采样的一种形式,从一定程度上反映大气中可挥发PFASs的浓度水平.     

环境空气中短链氯化石蜡研究进展

短链氯化石蜡(SCCPs)是碳链长度为10至13个碳原子的正构烷烃氯代衍生物。SCCPs具有持久性、生物累积性、长距离迁移能力、以及毒性作用。SCCPs已被《关于持久性有机污染物的斯德哥尔摩公约》增列为持久性有机污染物审查范围内,引起了全球关注。SCCPs在环境各介质及生物体内均有检出,近年来,在室内空气和灰尘中也检出了大量SCCPs,其已成为人体暴露的一个重要来源。本文就大气环境及室内空气与灰尘中氯化石蜡(CPs)的采样与分析方法、污染水平与来源,及人体暴露概况进行了综合阐释,以期为我国大气和室内环境中CPs的研究工作提供参考。     

室内环境中通过灰尘摄入和手-口接触带来的阻燃剂人体暴露风险

本研究在广州市某高校随机选取17间大学宿舍进行灰尘取样,同时对居住于宿舍的32名在校学生进行手部擦拭取样.分析了室内灰尘和人手表面的阻燃剂(flame retardants, FRs)的含量水平和组成特征,并估算了灰尘摄入和手-口接触两种不同评估途径的日暴露量.多溴联苯醚(polybrominated diphenyl ethers, PBDEs)、磷酸酯阻燃剂(phosphorus flame retardants, PFRs)、德克隆(dechlorane plus, DP)、1,2-双(2,4,6-三溴苯氧基)乙烷(1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane, BTBPE)和十溴二苯乙烷(decabromodiphenyl ethane, DBDPE)在室内灰尘和手表面中均有检出.两种介质中的FRs组成相似,都主要包括BDE 209、DBDPE、PFRs,其中∑PFRs和DBDPE在两种介质中检出浓度最高,在灰尘中的中值浓度分别为1294 ng·g~(-1)和1751 ng·g~(-1),在手表面的中值浓度分别为277 ng·m~(-2)和41.7 ng·m~(-2).手-口接触摄入的FRs暴露量与灰尘摄入的FRs暴露量相当.在FRs的暴露风险评估中,手-口接触途径带来的FRs的暴露不容忽视.     

城市和电子垃圾拆解区室内灰尘中溴代阻燃剂(BFRs)的浓度和生物有效性

本文以广州市区和电子垃圾拆解区室内灰尘为研究对象,分析不同粒径(50—2000μm)灰尘中溴代阻燃剂(brominated flame retardants, BFRs)的浓度、组成和生物有效性.广州市区灰尘中BFRs以十溴二苯乙烷(decabromodiphenyl ethane, DBDPE)(4930—7280 ng·g~(-1))为主,电子垃圾拆解区以十溴联苯醚(polybrominated diphenyl ether 209, BDE209)(5570—602600 ng·g~(-1))为主.对比研究结果发现,城市灰尘中BFRs的分布无粒径差异,而电子垃圾拆解区最细粒径灰尘中BFRs含量最高.广州市区灰尘中BFRs生物有效性随化合物的lg K_(ow)增加而降低.电子垃圾拆解区灰尘生物有效性显著低于市区灰尘,表明在电子垃圾拆解区灰尘中电子垃圾碎片的存在很大程度上降低了BFRs的生物有效性.人体暴露评估结果显示,广州市区人体暴露风险低于电子垃圾拆解区暴露风险.     

室内灰尘中全氟化合物的污染状况与人体暴露水平评估

全氟化合物(perfluorinated compounds,PFCs)是一种广泛应用于工业生产及日常生活的持久性有机污染物。为考察室内灰尘中PFCs的污染水平与人体暴露情况,采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)对上海市11个家庭、5个宿舍以及25个办公室的室内灰尘样本中的6种全氟化合物(全氟庚酸PFHp A、全氟辛酸PFOA、全氟壬酸PFNA、全氟丁烷磺酸PFBS、全氟己烷磺酸PFHx S、全氟辛烷磺酸PFOS)进行检测。结果表明,室内灰尘中的∑PFCs含量在5.6~1 489.1 ng·g-1的范围内,其中PFOA含量最高,占∑PFCs的60%以上;PFOA和PFBS检出率达到100%,PFHp A、PFNA、PFHx S、PFOS的检出率分别为97.6%、92.7%、90.2%和65.9%;灰尘中的PFHp A、PFNA、PFBS、PFOS和各个目标物之间均存在显著的正相关(P0.05);办公室灰尘中的PFCs总量要显著高于家庭灰尘中的PFCs(P0.05)。在人体对室内灰尘中PFCs暴露情况评估中发现,在各个年龄段的比较中,婴幼儿(5岁)通过灰尘直接摄入和皮肤吸收2种途径的PFCs日均暴露剂量都是最大的,比成人的暴露量高1~5倍;且其通过灰尘直接摄入的暴露量要高出通过皮肤吸收的暴露量。     

卧室灰尘中895种半挥发性有机物的存在水平及健康风险

人的一生约有1/3的时间在睡眠中度过,睡眠期间暴露于卧室中的半挥发性有机物(SVOCs)可能对人体健康造成不利影响。灰尘是室内SVOCs重要的汇,关于卧室灰尘中SVOCs的复合污染水平及健康风险尚不明确。因此,本研究采集了19个我国家庭卧室中的沉降灰尘,利用气相色谱质谱仪对895种SVOCs进行高通量筛查,并根据美国环境保护局提出的健康风险评价方法,考虑摄入、吸入和皮肤吸收3种暴露途径,评价了灰尘中SVOCs对幼儿和成人的健康风险。本研究在室内灰尘中共检出了85种SVOCs,包括20种正构烷烃、12种多环芳烃、6种邻苯二甲酸酯、8种有机磷酸酯、7种醇、6种取代苯、9种酚、9种农药、4种酯、2种脂肪酸和2种其他类,总浓度范围为92～1.4×10³μg·g^-1(中值：4.3×10²μg·g^-1)。在85种检出物中,邻苯二甲酸酯被识别为灰尘中最主要的污染物,对总浓度的平均贡献达到了(40.9±11.7)%。健康风险评价结果表明,灰尘中的SVOCs不会对成人造成非致癌风险,但4种SVOCs(苯乙烯化苯酚、邻...     

全氟和多氟化合物替代品的研究进展

全氟和多氟化合物(per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances,PFASs)是一类新型持久性有机污染物(POPs),广泛应用于工业和人类日常生活用品中。此类化合物具有高能量的C-F共价键,因此具有优良的理化特性和生物稳定性。由于存在持久性、生物累积性、长距离迁移以及毒性等问题,长链PFASs(C7)已经成为全世界关注的焦点之一,寻找能够替代PFASs的新型化合物具有重要意义。本文介绍了几种可能替代PFASs的新型氟化替代品,PFASs替代品在各类环境介质中的分布、持久性、人体暴露及毒性等几个方面进行了综述,特别对目前存在的问题及今后的研究方向进行了讨论和展望,以期为PFASs替代品的环境污染及风险评估提供参考。     

大气环境中全（多）氟烷基化合物（PFASs）的来源、分布及健康风险研究进展

全氟和多氟烷基化合物（PFASs）是一类极具多样性的新型持久性有机污染物,用途广泛、性质复杂且具有毒性,其环境污染导致的生态和健康危害问题引起了广泛关注。已有综述主要总结了土壤、水体中PFASs的来源和分布,缺乏对大气环境中PFASs污染来源、时空分布及人体健康风险评价的系统归纳,该文对此进行了概括和分析。PFASs可通过含氟聚合物的工业生产和应用、消费品使用、废弃物处理以及土壤和水环境中的挥发和升华过程进入大气环境,易在颗粒物中富集。大气颗粒态PFASs的质量浓度在不同地区和季节间存在显著差异,工业活动、人口密度、气象条件等是主要影响因素,通常在暖季广泛分布但质量浓度较低,冬季则质量浓度较高且多集中于排放源附近。近10年来,中国大气PFASs浓度下降明显,但其种类显著增多,主要归因于政策措施向PFASs替代品生产转型的影响。大气PFASs可通过呼吸暴露、皮肤接触和口腔摄入等途径进入人体从而造成健康风险,目前主要采用吸入暴露评估模型对其进行健康风险评价。污染防控方面,美国、欧洲等发达地区的系列管理措施在一定程度上减少了PFASs的环境排放,但多针对单一物质,且生产逐渐向替代物发展,然而...     

Occurrence of benzotriazoles (BTRs) in indoor air from Albany,New York,USA, and its implications for inhalation exposure

Despite the widespread use of benzotriazoles as corrosion inhibitors in many household goods, studies on the occurrence of these compounds in indoor air are scarce. In this study, five benzotriazole derivatives were measured in 83 indoor air samples collected from various locations in Albany, New York, USA. Benzotriazoles were found in a majority of the indoor air samples, and the concentrations of their sum in bulk (vapor plus particulate phases) indoor air ranged from below the method limit of quantification to 492 ng·m^?3 (geometric mean: 5.8 ng·m^?3). The highest geometric mean concentration was found in air samples collected in parking garages (155 ng·m^?3), followed by barbershops (13.6), public places (11.5), auto repair shops (5.2), automobiles (4.5), homes (4.5), offices (3.7), and laboratories (2.8). Inhalation exposure to benzotriazoles was calculated on the basis of the measured geometric mean concentrations and air inhalation rate. The highest exposure dose was found for teenagers, with a geometric mean inhalation exposure dose of 79 ng·day^?1. The body-weight normalized exposure dose, however, was the highest for infants, at 3.2 ng·(kg bw)^?1·day^?1.     

Employment of passive sampling in monitoring indoor air quality in selected residences in a Tri-city area in Poland

Time-weighted average concentrations of selected volatile compounds were measured in chosen residences in a Tri-City area of Poland by means of passive sampling. The results were compared to those obtained by dynamic technique – sorption tubes filled with Tenax TA sorbent. Results obtained by employing the two techniques were similar. Total volatile organic compound (TVOC) parameters were also determined. An attempt was also made to evaluate the influence of outdoor air pollutants on indoor air quality.     

大气颗粒物中类腐殖酸的研究进展

类腐殖酸(HULIS)是一类广泛存在于云、雾、雨水和大气气溶胶颗粒中的大分子有机物.HULIS既可通过吸收和散射太阳辐射直接影响大气热平衡,又能参与云凝结核的形成间接影响全球气候,加之其重要的环境和健康效应,近年来引起科学界的广泛关注.本文综述了大气颗粒物中类腐殖酸的研究成果,主要包括HULIS的分离、提取和分析方法,HULIS的主要理化性质、浓度和季节变化,以及HULIS的来源和国内外研究现状,并对该领域的研究前景进行了分析和展望.     

Chemistry of atmospheric dust and critical load assessment in Delhi region (India)

This is the first study in the Delhi region that assesses the critical load capacity of soil systems with respect to the atmospheric deposition and air quality, from July to October in 2012. Trend analysis of NO₂ and SO₂ in Delhi, using the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) data, showed interesting patterns matching with the trends in vehicular load in the city. This was followed by the calculation of the critical load of atmospheric acidity for sulphur and nitrogen in order to check the vulnerability of the soil systems in Delhi. Here, the steady state mass balance approach was majorly applied and the study conducted in the Agra region was taken as reference. The calculated values of critical loads of sulphur (225–275?eq/ha/yr) and nitrogen (298–303?eq/ha/yr), for the soil system in Delhi, were calculated with respect to three plant species, namely Anjan grass, Hibiscus and Black siris. The present loads of sulphur (PL(S)?=?26.40?eq/ha/yr) and nitrogen (PL(N)?=?36.51?eq/ha/yr) were found to be much lower than their respective critical loads. From the results, it can be concluded that the present loads of atmospheric acidic deposition in Delhi region do not pose any danger of acidification of soil system because it is countered by buffering capacity of soil generated dust. However, considering the pace at which the city is growing, it is likely that in coming decades, the present load will increase and thus the values evaluated in this study are likely to serve as an important reference for future assessment of the pollution scenario in the city.     

Organochlorine pesticides (HCHs and DDTs) in soils along the north coastal areas of the Bohai Sea,China

A systematic survey of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) including hexachlorocyclohexane isomers (α-HCH, β-HCH, γ-HCH, δ-HCH and ΣHCH) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane metabolites (p,p′-DDT, p,p′-DDE, o,p′-DDT, p,p′-DDD and ∑DDT) in soils along the north coastal areas of the Bohai Sea, China, has been lacking. In this study, 31 representative surface soil samples were collected along the north coastal and riverine areas of the Bohai Sea to characterise the potential for adverse effects of ∑HCH, ∑DDT and their individual isomers and transformation products. Concentrations of ΣHCH and ΣDDT in soils ranged from less than the limit of detection (1 ng · g^?1 dw (mean: 3.5 ng · g^?1 dw) and2 ng · g^?1 dw (mean: 1.7 × 10¹ ng · g^?1 dw), respectively. Compared with studies of OCPs in soils from other locations, concentrations of HCHs and DDTs observed in this study were moderate. Concentrations of OCPs observed in soils were generally less than proposed reference values. HCH residues were a mixture of historical technical HCH and current lindane sources. The pattern of DDTs was consistent with historical releases of technical DDTs. Selected soil physicochemical properties did not explain the sorption and/or partitioning of HCHs or DDTs.     

Characteristics of carbonyls and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in residences in Beijing,China

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and carbonyl compounds were measured both indoors and outdoors in 50 residences of Beijing in heating (December, 2011) and non-heating seasons (April/May, 2012). SUMMA canisters for VOCs and diffusive samplers for carbonyl compounds were deployed for 24 h at each site, and 94 compounds were quantified. Formaldehyde, acetone and acetaldehyde were the most abundant carbonyl compounds both indoors and outdoors with indoor median concentrations being 32.1, 21.7 and 15.3 μg·m⁻³, respectively. Ethane (17.6 μg·m⁻³), toluene (14.4 μg·m⁻³), propane (11.2 μg·m⁻³), ethene (8.40 μg·m⁻³), n-butane (6.87 μg·m⁻³), and benzene (5.95 μg·m⁻³) showed the high median concentrations in indoor air. Dichloromethane, p-dichlorobenzene (p-DCB) and toluene exhibited extremely high levels in some residences, which were related with a number of indoor emission sources. Moreover, isoprene, p-dichlorobenzene and carbonyls showed median indoor/outdoor (I/O) ratios larger than 3, indicating their indoor sources were prevailing. Chlorinated compounds like CFCs were mainly from outdoor sources for their I/O ratios being less than 1. In addition, indoor concentrations between two sampling seasons varied with different compounds. Carbonyl compounds and some chlorinated compounds had higher concentrations in the non-heating season, while alkanes, alkenes, aromatic compounds showed an increase in the heating season. Indoor concentration of VOCs and carbonyls were influenced by locations, interior decorations and indoor activities, however the specific sources for indoor VOCs and carbonyls could not be easily identified. The findings obtained in this study would significantly enhance our understandings on the prevalent and abundant species of VOCs as well as their concentrations and sources in Beijing residences.     

Post-war levels of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in air from Serbia determined by active and passive sampling methods

For the duration of the war accident in former Yugoslavia, several industrial and military targets were burnt and damaged, resulting in a significant release of persistent organic pollutants. Locations heavily targeted in the attacks were later defined by UNEP as four “hot spots”: Kragujevac, Novi Sad, Pancevo and Bor. We analyzed concentration levels of pollutants collected in 2004 and 2005 in air samples from the city of Kragujevac, Serbia, following the war accident of 1999. Pollutants included polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT), dichloro-diphenyl-dichloroethylene (DDE), dichloro-diphenyl-dichloroethane (DDD) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). We present results obtained during air sampling campaign conducted in July 2004 by the active sampling method; and during September 2004–June 2005 by the passive sampling method. Our findings show the occurrence of residual quantities of DDT, HCH, PCBs and PAHs in air samples. High levels of PCBs are probably due to the destruction of transformers during the war accident.