锰基累托石低温NH3-SCR催化剂的制备方法

本文以天然累托石(REC)为载体,采用等体积浸渍法、共沉淀法和原位生长法负载MnOx制备Mn/REC催化剂用于烟气的低温SCR脱硝.采用XRD、SEM、TEM、BET、NH3-TPD和XPS等手段对催化剂的理化结构特性进行表征.考察制备方法及主要制备参数对催化剂理化性能及脱硝活性的影响,探讨影响催化剂低温SCR脱硝活性...     

蜂窝状Mnx/PG-CC催化剂中低温CH_4-SCR脱硝性能

采用悬浮浆液法将凹凸棒石(PG)涂覆于堇菁石(CC)表面,制备PG-CC载体.将PG-CC载体以过饱和浸渍法经Mn(NO_3)_2前驱体溶液处理后依次干燥、煅烧制得Mnx/PG-CC整体式催化剂,应用于柴油车尾气净化处理.考察了制备参数(锰负载量、煅烧温度)和工况条件(氧气含量,CH_4/NO)对Mnx/PG-CC催化剂在CH_4-SCR反应中脱硝活性的影响.采用BET、FE-SEM、XRD、XPS和NO吸脱附等表征手段对催化剂的结构和形貌进行表征.结果表明,在锰负载量为11%、煅烧温度为300℃下所制得的催化剂具有较佳的CH_4-SCR脱硝活性,O_2含量为5%、CH_4/NO为1,反应温度为300℃时反应条件最优.锰氧化物活性组分在催化剂表面的高度分散和均匀分布有利于催化剂的CH_4-SCR脱硝活性提高,且有助于NO吸附在载体表面并形成硝酸盐中间体参与催化反应.     

助剂Fe添加对柱状MnO_x/PG-AC催化剂低温选择性催化还原(SCR)性能影响

采用等体积浸渍法制备Mn Ox/PG-AC、Mn Ox-Fe Oy/PG-AC催化剂,并通过X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线光电能谱(XPS)及场发射扫描(FESEM)等表征手段分析了Fe的掺杂对催化剂低温脱硝活性的影响.分析表明,助剂Fe的加入促进活性组分锰氧化物具有更好的分散性,为催化剂提供了更多的催化活性位点,同时助剂Fe的掺杂明显调控了活性组分Mn4+/Mn3+的价态比.一定量Fe的掺杂显著提高了催化剂的低温选择性催化还原(SCR)性能.当Fe/Mn的物质的量之比为0.8时,Mn Ox-Fe Oy/PG-AC/300℃催化剂表现出最佳的低温SCR脱硝活性     

MnOx/PG低温SCR催化剂二氧化硫中毒及再生特性

采用等体积浸渍法制备了锰氧化物负载凹凸棒石(MnO_x/PG)低温SCR(Selective Catalytic Reduction)催化剂,在含硫气氛中进行低温SCR催化脱硝反应后受SO_2的毒化作用而失活.考察了热处理和水洗两种再生方式及再生工艺条件对中毒后的MnO_x/PG催化剂活性恢复的影响.结果表明,热处理不能有效恢复催化剂活性,而水洗再生可以使中毒催化剂的活性完全恢复;两种再生方法的工艺条件均对催化剂活性恢复效果不大.通过BET、SEM、元素分析等表征手段对催化剂中毒机理和中毒前后性能变化进行分析.结果表明,硫酸铵盐和多聚SO_4~(2-)的形成是导致MnO_x/PG催化剂活性降低的主要原因.热处理使催化剂部分活性恢复的原因在于表面硫酸铵盐的分解,而水洗再生可以有效的去除催化剂表面的硫酸铵盐和SO_4~(2-)聚合体,进而催化剂活性完全恢复.     

载体酸蚀预处理对CuMnCeOx/堇青石催化氧化甲苯性能的影响

为解决蜂窝堇青石载体比表面积小、活性组分难以负载等问题,采用硝酸酸蚀堇青石载体并负载金属氧化物,制备了Cu-Mn-Ce/堇青石催化剂.分析了不同酸蚀强度下催化剂对甲苯催化燃烧差异的原因,在40%wt硝酸溶液中、50℃下酸蚀4 h条件下得到的催化剂对甲苯的催化性能最佳,与其他催化剂相比,其表面平均孔径为38.31 nm并有更佳的孔隙率,且在12—14 nm处以及20—30 nm处有更佳的孔径分布,其上活性组分分布极为分散,具有更小的活性颗粒尺寸.在与未经酸蚀预处理催化剂的比较中发现,经酸蚀预处理的催化剂具有更大的比表面积和多样的氧化物晶体类型,更高的Cu/Mn比例(1.72∶1.26),其中Mn⁴⁺(31.1%)、Ce³⁺(27.5%)及Osur(50.9%)在其占比均高于未经酸蚀预处理催化剂.     

蜂窝状Ti_(0.14)Mn_(0.86)O_x/CH催化剂的制备及其低温NH_3-SCR脱硝性能

采用自蔓延高温合成法(SHS)以堇青石蜂窝陶瓷(CH)为基体制备了一系列Ti_(1-y)MnyO_x/CH整体式催化剂,应用于柴油车尾气氮氧化物净化.考察了制备参数(钛锰比、涂覆次数、点燃温度)和工况条件(空速,水蒸气)对催化剂低温SCR(选择性催化还原)脱硝活性的影响,采用X射线荧光光谱仪(XRF)、场发射扫描电镜(FE-SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、比表面积(BET)等表征手段对催化剂的结构和形貌进行表征.结果表明,在Ti∶Mn=1∶6(物质的量之比),一次涂覆,点燃温度为350℃条件下所制备的催化剂具有最佳的NH_3-SCR脱硝活性,Ti_(0.14)Mn_(0.86)O_x/CH催化剂在空速为30000 h~(-1),氧气含量为3 vol%反应温度为150—250℃时反应条件为最优,催化剂在150℃以上具有良好的耐水性.Ti元素的添加提高了催化剂表面Mn~(4+)/Mn~(3+)比例,并使MnO_x呈无定形态均匀分散在Ti_(0.14)Mn_(0.86)O_x/CH催化剂表面,提高催化剂的低温SCR活性.     

Mnx/SEP(海泡石)催化剂低温NH_3-SCR脱硝性能

以Mn(CH_3COO)_2和KMnO_4为前驱体,采用原位生长法在海泡石(SEP)载体表面负载锰氧化物,制备Mnx/SEP催化剂应用于低温SCR脱硝反应.分别考察了制备工艺及反应条件等因素对Mnx/SEP催化剂低温NH_3-SCR脱硝活性的影响.采用BET、XRD、SEM、XPS等表征手段对催化剂的结构和形貌进行表征分析.结果表明,在锰负载量为8 wt%、n(Mn(CH_3COO)_2)/n(KMnO_4)为3∶2时所制备的催化剂具有较佳的NH_3-SCR低温脱硝活性.当空速为10000 h~(-1)、反应温度在100—250℃区间时,转化率为100%,表明该催化剂具有高空速适应性.锰氧化物活性组分在海泡石表面的均匀分布和高的分散性使催化剂具有较大的有效比表面积,有利于催化剂NH_3-SCR反应;此外n(Mn(AC)_2)/n(KMnO_4)对催化剂表面活性物种形态特别是表面Mn~(4+)/Mn~(3+)比具有显著影响,进而与催化剂的低温SCR脱硝活性紧密相关.     

Ce(x)Mn/TiO2-y催化剂低温NH3-SCR脱硝性能

以锐钛矿TiO₂(P25)为载体采用原位生长法负载锰氧化物制备了Mn/TiO₂催化剂,再以等体积浸渍-煅烧法对该催化剂掺杂氧化铈制备Ce(x)Mn/TiO₂-y催化剂用以烟气低温SCR脱硝.在固定锰负载量(质量分数为8%)的基础上,考察了铈掺杂量(铈锰摩尔比)、煅烧温度对催化剂SCR脱硝性能的影响.采用TEM、BET、XRD和XPS等手段表征了催化剂的理化结构特性.结果发现,当Ce/Mn的摩尔比例为1.0,煅烧温度为300℃时,Ce(1.0)Mn/TiO₂-300催化剂在150—300℃温度范围内、10500—27000 h^-1的空速范围内,能够保持90%以上的NO转化率.理化性能分析结果表明,煅烧温度对催化剂的微观形貌影响显著,随着煅烧温度的升高,Ce(1.0)Mn/TiO₂-500催化剂活性物种颗粒集聚明显、比表面积降低,且锰氧化物价态分布偏向于低价态;铈的掺杂有助于Ce(1.0)Mn/TiO₂-300催化剂活性物种在载体表面的均匀分散,可以促进产生更多的Mn4+物种和更多的吸附氧,有利于催化剂低温SCR脱硝性能的提升.     

Cu-ZSM-5/堇青石催化剂上同时消除烃和NO的研究

利用水热合成技术在堇青石蜂窝陶瓷载体上原位合成分子筛,分别通过离子交换法和浸渍法制备了整体式Cu-ZSM-5/堇青石催化剂,以丙烷为还原剂,在模拟柴油机尾气系统中评价了两类催化剂消除烃和NO的性能.结果表明,晶化时间48 h时,原位合成的ZSM-5/堇青石催化剂载体表面有形状规则的ZSM-5晶核生成,且具有较好的牢固度...     

甲醇燃料汽车排气催化净化研究——催化剂的制备和活性评价

本文研究了以堇青石蜂窝体为载体、贵金属Pd为活性组分的催化剂制备方法,以及该催化剂体系用于净化甲醇汽车(M100)排气的可能性。实验室和台架试验的结果表明,含活性氧化铝涂层的堇青石蜂窝体为载体的Pd催化剂体系(Pd0.75～1.4克/升),具有良好的活性和热稳定性,经1000℃焙烧后活性不下降,排气起燃温度是129—137℃;在空速4—13×10~4小时~(-1)、甲醇浓度4—10万ppm,甲醛50—530ppm及未加二次空气条件下,甲醇净化率～99％,甲醛净化率不稳定。涂层料中加入稀土氧化物有助于改善催化剂的热稳定性,台架试验结果还表明,排气中O_2含量少,不足以把甲醇和CO完全氧化成CO_2。因此,为同时获得甲醇、甲醛和一氧化碳的良好净化效果,需要补充二次空气。     

Representation of the world's biophysical conditions by the global protected area network

Protected areas (PAs) are often implemented without consideration of already existing PAs, which is likely to cause an overrepresentation of certain biophysical conditions. We assessed the representativeness of the current PA network with regard to the world's biophysical conditions to highlight which conditions are underprotected and where these conditions are located. We overlaid terrestrial and marine PAs with information on biophysical conditions (e.g., temperature, precipitation, and elevation) and then quantified the percentage of area covered by the PA network. For 1 variable at a time in the terrestrial realm, high temperature, low precipitation, and medium and very high elevation were underrepresented. For the marine realm, low and medium sea surface temperature (SST), medium and high sea surface salinity (SSS), and the deep sea were underrepresented. Overall, protection was evenly distributed for elevation across the terrestrial realm and SST across the marine realm. For 2 variables at a time, cold and very dry terrestrial environments had mostly low protection, which was also the case for low SST and low and medium SSS across most depths for marine environments. Low protection occurred mostly in the Sahara and the Arabian Peninsula for the terrestrial realm and along the Tropic of Capricorn and toward the poles for the marine realm. Although biodiversity measures are of prime importance for the design of PA networks, highlighting biophysical gaps in current PAs adds a frequently overlooked perspective. These gaps may weaken the potential of PAs to conserve biodiversity. Thus, our results may provide useful insights for researchers, practitioners, and policy makers to establish a more comprehensive global PA network.     

Quantitative composition of the defensive secretion ofBledius species (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Oxytelinae) is adapted to naturally occurring predators

Summary The adaptation of defensive secretions to their target organisms was examined for the abdominal gland secretions ofBledius furcatus, B. spectabilis andB. arenarius. Therefore the target organisms of the secretion of theseBledius species (i.e. their predators) had to be identified. At the collection sites examined these were the earwigLabidura riparia, the antCataglyphis bicolor, the flyLispe candicans, different carabids of the generaPogonus, Dichirotrichus, Dyschirius, Bembidion andCalathus and the wading birdsHaematopus ostralegus andCalidris alba. The secretion of the abdominal glands contains the toxin ptoluquinone dissolved in either-dodecalactone and 1-undecene (B. furcatus andB. spectabilis) or in octanoic acid and octyloctanoate (B. arenarius). The ratio of these solvents is species-specific. Application experiments using some of the natural insect predators (L. riparia, C. bicolor, Pogonus, Di. gustavii, Dyschirius) revealed that these solvent ratios provided a more effective deterrent than other possible ratios. Thus by combining the solvents in certain ratios, the capability of cuticular penetration and therefore the effectiveness of the defensive secretions are adapted to their natural targets.     

Democracy versus development: New urban debates

The politics of development includes subtexts of choice, as underpinned by community consensus (or lack of it), against the larger backdrop of a liberal democracy, with its intricate power structures that influence the choice of concepts and often lead to complicity rather than consent. A dilemma exists between the understanding of field-level practitioners and that of academics, whose understandings of progress differ. Progress can (and often does) imply long-term change across generations whereas development is often more a matter of crisis management and delivering tangible results to end-users. This makes it a bone of contention across political systems, irrespective of local or global dynamics. Development can emerge as a tool to be wielded for power and further political mileage at the expense of progress. Progress cannot be studied as a counterpoint to development as the sense of history is often missing in development interventions. Development tends to be piecemeal as its very logic often stems from the rationale of power. This is not to suggest, however, that development is only about politics; it is definitely more than the politics of everyday life and involves all of civil society that requires its critical and immediate attention. In this sense, it has become a priority for politicians with an underlying agenda designed to out-manouevre dissent and all statements of protest.     

A framework to measure the wildness of managed large vertebrate populations

As landscapes continue to fall under human influence through habitat loss and fragmentation, fencing is increasingly being used to mitigate anthropogenic threats and enhance the commercial value of wildlife. Subsequent intensification of management potentially erodes wildness by disembodying populations from landscape-level processes, thereby disconnecting species from natural selection. Tools are needed to measure the degree to which populations of large vertebrate species in formally protected and privately owned wildlife areas are self-sustaining and free to adapt. We devised a framework to measure such wildness based on 6 attributes relating to the evolutionary and ecological dynamics of vertebrates (space, disease and parasite resistance, exposure to predation, exposure to limitations and fluctuations of food and water supply, and reproduction). For each attribute, we set empirical, species-specific thresholds between 5 wildness states based on quantifiable management interventions. We analysed data from 205 private wildlife properties with management objectives spanning ecotourism to consumptive utilization to test the framework on 6 herbivore species representing a range of conservation statuses and commercial values. Wildness scores among species differed significantly, and the proportion of populations identified as wild ranged from 12% to 84%, which indicates the tool detected site-scale differences both among populations of different species and populations of the same species under different management regimes. By quantifying wildness, this framework provides practitioners with standardized measurement units that link biodiversity with the sustainable use of wildlife. Applications include informing species management plans at local scales; standardizing the inclusion of managed populations in red-list assessments; and providing a platform for certification and regulation of wildlife-based economies. Applying this framework may help embed wildness as a normative value in policy and mitigate the shifting baseline of what it means to truly conserve a species.     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Sexual Predators,Energy Development,and Conservation in Greater Yellowstone

Abstract: In the United States, as elsewhere, a growing debate pits national energy policy and homeland security against biological conservation. In rural communities the extraction of fossil fuels is often encouraged because of the employment opportunities it offers, although the concomitant itinerant workforce is often associated with increased wildlife poaching. We explored possible positive and negative factors associated with energy extraction in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE), an area known for its national parks, intact biological diversity, and some of the New World's longest terrestrial migrations. Specifically, we asked whether counties with different economies—recreation (ski), agrarian (ranching or farming), and energy extractive (petroleum)—differed in healthcare (gauged by the abundance of hospital beds) and in the frequency of sexual predators. The absolute and relative frequency of registered sex offenders grew approximately two to three times faster in areas reliant on energy extraction. Healthcare among counties did not differ. The strong conflation of community dishevel, as reflected by in‐migrant sexual predators, and ecological decay in Greater Yellowstone is consistent with patterns seen in similar systems from Ecuador to northern Canada, where social and environmental disarray exist around energy boomtowns. In our case, that groups (albeit with different aims) mobilized campaigns to help maintain the quality of rural livelihoods by protecting open space is a positive sign that conservation can matter, especially in the face of rampant and poorly executed energy extraction projects. Our findings further suggest that the public and industry need stronger regulatory action to instill greater vigilance when and where social factors and land conversion impact biological systems.     

Comparison of the insecticidal effects of water extracted and intact aromatic plants onAcanthoscelides obtectus,a bruchid beetle pest of kidney beans

Summary Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) is one of the most damaging pests of kidney beans,Phaseolus vulgaris L. worldwide. However, aromatic plants from the families Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae and Poaceae can protect kidney beans by direct or delayed insecticidal effect, through increased adult mortality and inhibition of beetle reproduction (both oviposition and adult emergence). The efficiency of hydrodistillated and intact plants fromThymus vulgaris andT. serpyllum, Mentha piperata, Rosmarinus officinalis, Satureia hortensis, Eucalyptus globulus, Laurus nobilis, Origanum vulgare, andCymbopogon nardus was compared. For both extracts,Origanum vulgare had the best effect. The insecticidal effect was induced by more than the essential oils because no significant difference was noticed between distilled and intact plants extract. Inhibition of reproduction was particularly important. These results suggest that lipidic as well as non lipidic, allelochemicals, such as phenolics, or non-protein amino-acids, or flavonoids may be involved in the toxicity of aromatic plants to this beetle.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.