浅谈环境影响评价在印染行业节能减排中的作用

分析了环境影响评价中几个重要步骤以及与环境影响评价相关的政策在印染行业节能减排中的作用。指出了准确的工程分析是节能减排措施能够实施的前提;合理的污染物排放总量确定为印染行业节能减排提供合理的工作目标;客观的清洁生产分析为节能减排提供可靠的分析数据;环境影响评价相关的政策是印染行业节能减排的基础和依据。     

基于DEA模型的区域削减指标分配研究

运用数据包络分析(DEA)方法,建立了区域削减指标分配模型,综合分析了2005年全国31个省、市、自治区的主要污染物COD和SO2排放绩效以及水资源、能源的利用效率.分析表明,我国COD、SO2的排放效率、水资源和能源的利用效率比较低,节水节能减排的潜力很大.根据效率原则,得到了全国各地区节能节水减排的削减指标分配表.     

基于对数平均迪氏指数法的中国工业固体废弃物排放影响因素分解研究

为了对中国工业固体废弃物排放情况及其发展趋势进行研究,选择2001-2008年中国工业的相关数据,采用对数平均迪氏指数(LMDI)法将工业固体废弃物排放的影响因素分为规模效应、技术效应、治理效应和结构效应4个部分,并对上述4个部分的影响程度和变化情况进行对比分析,反映了中国工业固体废弃物减排的现状和趋势,指出了目前工业...     

节能减排效率与经济发展水平的耦合关系研究——以陕西省为例

研究了2005—2016年陕西省10个地级市的节能减排效率和经济发展水平,并对两者的耦合关系进行了分析,旨在为陕西省及其他地区环境与经济可持续协调发展提供参考。实证表明:(1)陕西省各地级市历年的节能减排效率均值均小于1,投入产出结构不甚合理,需协调技术进步与经济规模之间的关系。(2)陕西省经济发展指数呈波动上升趋势,总体上为缓慢增长。西安市经济的快速发展并未对周围地级市形成辐射带动作用。(3)经济发展水平和节能减排效率的耦合度总体上也呈波动上升趋势,其中节能减排效率提高会使耦合度下降,而经济发展水平的提高对耦合度起促进作用,但经济发展指数与耦合度之间呈倒"U"型分布。建议陕西省继续大力发展经济,增强西安市对周围地级市的辐射带动作用,同时转变西安市经济发展方式,提高资源配置效率,走集约型经济增长道路,以实现节能减排效率与经济发展水平的协调发展。     

模糊综合评价法在航空企业节能减排评价中的应用

由于航空工业的特殊性,航空企业节能减排相对滞后,节能减排工作迫在眉睫.为使航空工业节能减排的方案全面、科学、客观,基于现代风险评价方法,根据中国航空企业系统的客观实际,采用模糊综合评价法建立了航空企业节能减排的评价指标体系和评价方法,并确定了该评价指标体系中各指标的权重,进而得到各指标隶属度、模糊矩阵.同时,进行了实例...     

中国合成氨工业CO2排放现状及点源分布特征分析

控制CO2的排放已成为当前人类面临的重大问题,而对合成氨工业实施节能减排是实现中国CO2减排目标的重要手段之一.在对中国合成氨企业的产能、产量数据进行调研的基础上,对合成氨工业的CO2排放现状和点源分布进行了分析,并对中国合成氨工业CO2封存与捕获的前景进行了探讨.     

实施节能减排规划 确保实现约束性指标

近期,国务院发布了《节能减排"十二五"规划》(以下简称《规划》)。环境保护部指出,《规划》与国务院《"十二五"节能减排综合性工作方案》相衔接,侧重于重点行业和重点领域节能减排措施的细化和目标的量化,对有关领域、行业的节能减排提出了明确的任务和要求,是我国污染减排工作的具体部署和要求,也是实现"十二五"污染减排目标的重要保证。     

燃煤发电机组电除尘器节能减排改造实践

介绍了高频电源相较于传统工频电源的优越性,并以某燃煤电厂4#机组(600MW)电除尘器高频电源改造项目为例,分析并讨论了高频电源在燃煤机组上的应用特点及节能减排效果,为中国燃煤机组电除尘器节能提效改造提供了借鉴。     

推进节能减排促进生态环境协调发展的对策和建议

对嘉兴市南湖区节能减排现状进行调查分析的基础上,提出了南湖区目前存在产业结构调整缓慢、环保基础设施建设投入滞后、减排技术与设备落后、基础工作较薄弱,配套政策、制度体系、法制不健全、减排认识不到位等问题,从而针对问题提出了切实可行的对策与建议.     

外商直接投资对中国能源消费CO_2排放影响的实证研究

通过估算中国29个省、自治区和直辖市1984—2013年共30 a的数据,对外商直接投资(FDI)与能源消费CO_2排放进行了实证分析,构造了包含FDI以及CO_2排放的规模、结构、技术和政策效应的联立方程。结果表明:FDI通过规模效应和结构效应显著地增加了中国各省、自治区和直辖市的CO_2排放量,其系数分别为0.584和0.058;技术效应和政策效应则有效地降低了各省、自治区和直辖市的CO_2排放量,系数分别为-0.559和-0.581。总效应系数为-0.498。在中国目前的经济发展水平下,FDI技术效应和政策效应超过了规模效应和结构效应,能使中国CO_2排放问题得到有效缓解。中国目前仍处在环境库兹涅茨曲线倒"U"形的左侧,节能减排更应该在技术效应和政策效应上下功夫。     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Radionuclides in pinon pine (Pinus edulis) nuts from los alamos national laboratory lands and the dose from consumption

Abstract

One of the dominant tree species growing within and around the eastern portion of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, lands is the pinon pine (Pinus edulis). Pinon pine is used for firewood, fence posts, and building materials and is a source of nuts for food—the seeds are consumed by a wide variety of animals and are also gathered by people in the area and eaten raw or roasted. This study investigated the (1) concentration of ³H, ¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu, and²⁴¹ Am in soils (0‐ to 12‐in. [31 cm] depth underneath the tree), pinon pine shoots (PPS), and pinon pine nuts (PPN) collected from LANL lands and regional background (BG) locations, (2) committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) from the ingestion of nuts, and (3) soil to PPS to PPN concentration ratios (CRs). Most radionuclides, with the exception of ³H in soils, were not significantly higher (p < 0.10) in soils, PPS, and PPN collected from LANL as compared to BG locations, and concentrations of most radionuclides in PPN from LANL have decreased over time. The maximum net CEDE (the CEDE plus two sigma minus BG) at the most conservative ingestion rate (10 lb [4.5 kg]) was 0.0018 mrem (0.018 μSv); this is far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem (1000 μSv). Soil‐to‐nut CRs for most radionuclides were within the range of default values in the literature for common fruits and vegetables.     

Degradation and sorption of imidacloprid in dissimilar surface and subsurface soils

Degradation and sorption/desorption are important processes affecting the leaching of pesticides through soil. This research characterized the degradation and sorption of imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) in Drummer (silty clay loam) and Exeter (sandy loam) surface soils and their corresponding subsurface soils using sequential extraction methods over 400 days. By the end of the incubation, approximately 55% of imidacloprid applied at a rate of 1.0 mg kg^?1 degraded in the Exeter sandy loam surface and subsurface soils, compared to 40% of applied imidacloprid within 300 days in Drummer surface and subsurface soils. At the 0.1 mg kg^?1 application rate, dissipation was slower for all four soils. Water-extractable imidacloprid in Exeter surface soil decreased from 98% of applied at day 1 to > 70% of the imidacloprid remaining after 400 d, as compared to 55% in the Drummer surface soil at day 1 and 12% at day 400. These data suggest that imidacloprid was bioavailable to degrading soil microorganisms and sorption/desorption was not the limiting factor for biodegradation. In subsurface soils > 40% of ¹⁴C-benzoic acid was mineralized over 21 days, demonstrating an active microbial community. In contrast, cumulative ¹⁴CO₂ was less than 1.5% of applied ¹⁴C-imidacloprid in all soils over 400 d. Qualitative differences in the microbial communities appear to limit the degradation of imidacloprid in the subsurface soils.     

Biochemical interaction of six op delayed neurotoxicants with several neurotargets

Abstract

Five organophosphorous insecticides: Leptophos, EPN, Cyano‐fenphos, trichloronate and salithion proved to cause irreversible ataxia not only to chicken but also to mice and sheep. TOCP was included as a reference. Cyanofenphos blocked the catecholamine B‐receptor binding activity with ³H‐norepinephrine at a level similar to that of the specific inhibitor propranolol in the mouse heart preparation. In the lamb heart preparation, the B‐receptor was more sensitive to Leptophos, salithion and TOCP than to propranolol. The six compounds and their oxons were screened for their in‐vitro inhibition to monamine oxidase (MAO), acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) and neurotoxic esterase (NTE) in the brain of either mouse, lamb or chicken. It is believed that their AChE inhibition stands for their acute toxicity, while NTE inhibition is responsible for their paralytic ataxia.     

土壤中砷的化学平衡

本文比较详细地综述了砷的化学特性,环境背景值及来源和循环,土壤中砷的三大化学平衡即沉淀溶解平衡,氧化还原平衡,吸附解吸平衡,以及微生物对砷的转化。     

Elemental uptake by edible herbs and lettuce (Latuca sativa)

The total concentration of toxic elements (aluminum, cadmium, chromium and lead) and selected macro and micro elements (iron, manganese, copper and zinc) are reported in six leafy edible vegetation species, namely lettuce, spinach, cabbage, chards and green and red types of Amaranth herbs. Although spinach and chards had greater than 125 mv of iron, both the amaranthus herbs recorded > than 320 μ g g^{? 1} dry weight. In both the spinach and chard species, the Mn and Zn levels were appreciable recording > 225 μ g g^{? 1} and 150 μ g g^{? 1} dry weight, respectively. Aluminum concentrations were (in μ g g^{? 1} dry weight) lettuce (10), cabbage (11), spinach (167), chards (65), amaranthus green (293) and amaranthus red (233). All the micro and macro elements and the toxic elements (Ni, Cr, Cd and Pb) elements analyzed, were below the recommended maximum permitted levels (RMI) in vegetables. Further the elemental uptake and distribution of the nine elements, at three growth stages of the lettuce plant grown on soil bed under controlled conditions are detailed. In the soil, except for iron (16%), greater than 33% of the other cations were in exchangeable form. Generally in the lettuce plant, roots retained much of the iron (> 224 μ g g^{? 1}) and aluminum (> 360 μ g g^{? 1}), while leaves had less than 200 μ g g^{? 1} of iron and 165 μ g g^{? 1} of Al. Although the concentrations of elements marginally decreased with growth, the lettuce leaves had significant amounts of Mn (30 μ g g^{? 1}), Zn (50 μ g g^{? 1}) and Cu (3.6 μ g g^{? 1}). Some presence of lead in leaves (2.0 μ g g^{? 1}) was noticed, but all the toxic and other elements analyzed were well below the RMI values for the vegetables.     

The dissipation of nonlyphenol in stream and pond water under simulated field conditions

Abstract

The dissipation of 1.0 ppm nonylphenol in stream and pond water, incubated in flasks at 16°C under simulated field conditions up to 44 days indicated that the half‐life was 2.5 days if the flasks were open, and 16 days if they were closed. A transformed product was detected in the closed flasks.

Translocation of nonylphenol in water occurred when treated water samples were incubated in the presence of sediment. After 10 days, nonylphenol was detected only in the sediment, but not in water (detection limit = 10 ppb). About 80% of the nonylphenol was degraded in 71 days, but no degradation occurred if the water and the sediment were autoclaved prior to incubation.