基于总量控制的中国点源环境管理体系构建

近年来,随着总量控制、排污许可证、排污权有偿使用和交易等政策的逐步推进,中国的点源环境管理体系已经初具雏形。对中国的点源环境管理体系构建开展了研究,认为其制度定位应当是对点源全过程进行管理,并明确了构建点源环境管理体系需要解决责任归属与监管重点两大问题。点源环境管理体系以总量控制为抓手,其核心是排污指标与实际排放量两套数据的核定,而这两套数据则成为串联总量控制、排污许可证、排污权有偿使用和交易等相关环境管理政策的重要线索。此外,要构建点源环境管理体系,还需要综合的环境管理平台、一证式环境管理要求以及专业的第三方技术团队。     

电力行业SO_2排污权有偿使用和排污交易探讨

面对日益严格的环境总量控制制度以及有限的环境容量资源,电力行业需要寻求高效的环境管理手段,以解决未来发展的环境约束.针对电力行业SO2排放现状,分析了电力行业建立SO2排污权有偿使用机制的必要性、可行性以及与现有政策的兼容性,从中揭示了排污权有偿使用机制对电力行业健康发展所起的积极作用.     

京津冀一体化背景下排污权跨区域交易的必要性与可行性分析

京津冀协同发展作为重大国家战略,实施排污权跨区域交易具有必要性和可行性。从降低减排成本,停产、限产补偿和环境资源市场流动方面来看,有必要建立京津冀排污权跨区域交易机制。京津冀目前具备建立跨区域排污权交易机制的自然地理条件、内在经济动力、供需关系以及制度基础;但是,具体实施时需要克服区域初始排污权总额分配的公平性和后续跟踪监管的有效性两大难点。提出3方面的实施建议:排污权分配应理顺与总量减排任务目标的关系;建立第三方核查机制;采用清洁发展机制(CDM)的项目交易模式和租赁模式。     

周生贤发表讲话:改革生态环境保护管理体制

正《中共中央关于全面深化改革若干重大问题的决定》(以下简称《决定》)提出,紧紧围绕建设美丽中国深化生态文明体制改革,加快建立生态文明制度,健全国土空间开发、资源节约利用、生态环境保护的体制机制,并对改革生态环境保护管理体制作出了具体部署。这对于进一步加强生态环境保护、大力推进生态文明建设具有重大作用。改革生态环境保护管理体制的重大意义保护环境是我国的一项基本国策。进入新世纪以来,党中央、国务院把保护环境摆在更加重要的位置,积极探索环境保护新路,大力推进生态文明建设,环境保护取得了很大成绩。但是,我国环境形势依然严峻,老的环境问题尚未得到解决,新的环境问题又不断出现,呈现明显的结构型、压缩型、复合型特征,环境质量与人民群众期待还有不     

重点企业清洁生产促进机制研究

分析了清洁生产的效益与促进机制的关系和清洁生产促进机制指标体系,并提出了通过强制机制、激励机制(经济政策倾斜、环境管理政策创新)、支持机制、压力机制(提高环境成本、提高资源性原料和能源成本、强化清洁生产绩效考核、舆论及第三方监督、技术支持及产业政策)等方面构建重点企业清洁生产促进机制。     

适于环境容量初始配置的两步削减模型及应用

在由目标总量控制向容量总量控制的过渡时期,现有排污量往往超过区域的环境容量.因此,确定企业排污削减的比例,成为该时期环境容量初始配置的核心任务.以公平与效率为基本原则,构建了由法定削减与公平削减组成的两步削减模型,并联合应用模糊聚类分析法和层次分析法对模型参数进行求解,在太仓经济开发区环境容量的初始分配中进行了运用.模型的建构思路与求解方法可为相关的环境管理者提供参考.     

最高人民法院发布《中国环境资源审判》白皮书

正最高人民法院推进环境资源审判工作研讨会近日召开,最高人民法院院长周强出席会议并讲话。会上,最高人民法院正式发布了《中国环境资源审判》(白皮书),对外通报了最高人民法院环境资源审判庭成立两年来的工作情况。周强强调,要坚持严格公正司法,全面发挥环境资源审判职能作用。依法加大对严重污染环境、破坏资源等犯罪行为的刑事制裁力度,妥善审理环境资源民事案件,依法监督、支持环境保护主管部门履     

金华江流域地表水污染治理对策研究

分析了金华江流域地表水污染的原因,提出了以开展“碧水行动”为中心的包括产业调整和限制、环境容量总量控制、环境基础设施建设、强化环境管理等在内的综合治理措施。     

刷卡排污的浙江模式

<正>为贯彻落实《浙江省人民政府办公厅关于加强环境资源配置量化管理推动产业转型升级的意见》(浙政办发[2013]8号),浙江省全面开展了刷卡排污工作。建立刷卡排污制度是加强浙江省排污权有偿使用和交易工作,全面推行排污许可证管理,促进总量减排控制的有效手段。浙江的"刷卡排污"总体规划建设排污许可证IC卡电子证照模式,建立一套企业环保身份验证体系,将涉污企业的排污许可证信息通过电子证件管理起来,通过该IC电子证照作为企业的排污许可证副证,记录企业的相关排污总量信息,做到"一企一证一卡",实现企业环保业务的电子化管理。以     

略论我国控制污染物排放的新对策

众所周知 ,在全面环境管理时期 ,世界各国在环境管理中采用了一系列新的制度和方法 ,“主要是通过制定适当的经济社会发展计划 ,使环境保护与经济发展相协调的办法来进行 ,从此国家对环境的管理进入了一个更加科学、深化、全面、有效的新时期”〔1〕。而我国现行的环境管理是以计划经济模式为基础的 ,在市场经济条件下的环境管理 ,应由单一的直接控制模式转变为直接控制为主、经济手段为辅的模式 ,并逐步强化经济手段。现在有些地方试行“三同时”保证金、资源补偿费、环境税、排污权交易等新对策 ,都是有益的探索 ,应当总结经验 ,不失时机…     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Radionuclides in pinon pine (Pinus edulis) nuts from los alamos national laboratory lands and the dose from consumption

Abstract

One of the dominant tree species growing within and around the eastern portion of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, lands is the pinon pine (Pinus edulis). Pinon pine is used for firewood, fence posts, and building materials and is a source of nuts for food—the seeds are consumed by a wide variety of animals and are also gathered by people in the area and eaten raw or roasted. This study investigated the (1) concentration of ³H, ¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu, and²⁴¹ Am in soils (0‐ to 12‐in. [31 cm] depth underneath the tree), pinon pine shoots (PPS), and pinon pine nuts (PPN) collected from LANL lands and regional background (BG) locations, (2) committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) from the ingestion of nuts, and (3) soil to PPS to PPN concentration ratios (CRs). Most radionuclides, with the exception of ³H in soils, were not significantly higher (p < 0.10) in soils, PPS, and PPN collected from LANL as compared to BG locations, and concentrations of most radionuclides in PPN from LANL have decreased over time. The maximum net CEDE (the CEDE plus two sigma minus BG) at the most conservative ingestion rate (10 lb [4.5 kg]) was 0.0018 mrem (0.018 μSv); this is far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem (1000 μSv). Soil‐to‐nut CRs for most radionuclides were within the range of default values in the literature for common fruits and vegetables.     

Degradation and sorption of imidacloprid in dissimilar surface and subsurface soils

Degradation and sorption/desorption are important processes affecting the leaching of pesticides through soil. This research characterized the degradation and sorption of imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) in Drummer (silty clay loam) and Exeter (sandy loam) surface soils and their corresponding subsurface soils using sequential extraction methods over 400 days. By the end of the incubation, approximately 55% of imidacloprid applied at a rate of 1.0 mg kg^?1 degraded in the Exeter sandy loam surface and subsurface soils, compared to 40% of applied imidacloprid within 300 days in Drummer surface and subsurface soils. At the 0.1 mg kg^?1 application rate, dissipation was slower for all four soils. Water-extractable imidacloprid in Exeter surface soil decreased from 98% of applied at day 1 to > 70% of the imidacloprid remaining after 400 d, as compared to 55% in the Drummer surface soil at day 1 and 12% at day 400. These data suggest that imidacloprid was bioavailable to degrading soil microorganisms and sorption/desorption was not the limiting factor for biodegradation. In subsurface soils > 40% of ¹⁴C-benzoic acid was mineralized over 21 days, demonstrating an active microbial community. In contrast, cumulative ¹⁴CO₂ was less than 1.5% of applied ¹⁴C-imidacloprid in all soils over 400 d. Qualitative differences in the microbial communities appear to limit the degradation of imidacloprid in the subsurface soils.     

Biochemical interaction of six op delayed neurotoxicants with several neurotargets

Abstract

Five organophosphorous insecticides: Leptophos, EPN, Cyano‐fenphos, trichloronate and salithion proved to cause irreversible ataxia not only to chicken but also to mice and sheep. TOCP was included as a reference. Cyanofenphos blocked the catecholamine B‐receptor binding activity with ³H‐norepinephrine at a level similar to that of the specific inhibitor propranolol in the mouse heart preparation. In the lamb heart preparation, the B‐receptor was more sensitive to Leptophos, salithion and TOCP than to propranolol. The six compounds and their oxons were screened for their in‐vitro inhibition to monamine oxidase (MAO), acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) and neurotoxic esterase (NTE) in the brain of either mouse, lamb or chicken. It is believed that their AChE inhibition stands for their acute toxicity, while NTE inhibition is responsible for their paralytic ataxia.     

土壤中砷的化学平衡

本文比较详细地综述了砷的化学特性,环境背景值及来源和循环,土壤中砷的三大化学平衡即沉淀溶解平衡,氧化还原平衡,吸附解吸平衡,以及微生物对砷的转化。     

Elemental uptake by edible herbs and lettuce (Latuca sativa)

The total concentration of toxic elements (aluminum, cadmium, chromium and lead) and selected macro and micro elements (iron, manganese, copper and zinc) are reported in six leafy edible vegetation species, namely lettuce, spinach, cabbage, chards and green and red types of Amaranth herbs. Although spinach and chards had greater than 125 mv of iron, both the amaranthus herbs recorded > than 320 μ g g^{? 1} dry weight. In both the spinach and chard species, the Mn and Zn levels were appreciable recording > 225 μ g g^{? 1} and 150 μ g g^{? 1} dry weight, respectively. Aluminum concentrations were (in μ g g^{? 1} dry weight) lettuce (10), cabbage (11), spinach (167), chards (65), amaranthus green (293) and amaranthus red (233). All the micro and macro elements and the toxic elements (Ni, Cr, Cd and Pb) elements analyzed, were below the recommended maximum permitted levels (RMI) in vegetables. Further the elemental uptake and distribution of the nine elements, at three growth stages of the lettuce plant grown on soil bed under controlled conditions are detailed. In the soil, except for iron (16%), greater than 33% of the other cations were in exchangeable form. Generally in the lettuce plant, roots retained much of the iron (> 224 μ g g^{? 1}) and aluminum (> 360 μ g g^{? 1}), while leaves had less than 200 μ g g^{? 1} of iron and 165 μ g g^{? 1} of Al. Although the concentrations of elements marginally decreased with growth, the lettuce leaves had significant amounts of Mn (30 μ g g^{? 1}), Zn (50 μ g g^{? 1}) and Cu (3.6 μ g g^{? 1}). Some presence of lead in leaves (2.0 μ g g^{? 1}) was noticed, but all the toxic and other elements analyzed were well below the RMI values for the vegetables.     

The dissipation of nonlyphenol in stream and pond water under simulated field conditions

Abstract

The dissipation of 1.0 ppm nonylphenol in stream and pond water, incubated in flasks at 16°C under simulated field conditions up to 44 days indicated that the half‐life was 2.5 days if the flasks were open, and 16 days if they were closed. A transformed product was detected in the closed flasks.

Translocation of nonylphenol in water occurred when treated water samples were incubated in the presence of sediment. After 10 days, nonylphenol was detected only in the sediment, but not in water (detection limit = 10 ppb). About 80% of the nonylphenol was degraded in 71 days, but no degradation occurred if the water and the sediment were autoclaved prior to incubation.