不透水表面雨水径流污染物冲刷规律研究

针对雨水径流污染冲刷模型中降雨强度与污染物冲刷存在的时间差问题,采用有效降雨强度替代降雨强度,建立了径流污染物冲刷模型,并利用建立的模型对不透水表面雨水径流污染物冲刷进行了模拟。结果表明,模型对SS、COD、TN和TP模拟的相关系数R2平均为0.87、0.81、0.93和0.89,具有较高的模拟精度。SS、COD、TN和TP的冲刷系数分别为0.77、0.66、0.92和0.74 mm-1,TN的冲刷系数略高,但总体相差不大。SS、COD、TN和TP均显示了较强的初期冲刷效应,在有效降雨强度为4 mm时,截留初期雨水径流量的35%~40%,即可控制70%以上雨水径流污染物。建立的模型可应用于研究不透水表面的雨水径流污染物冲刷规律,为雨水径流污染物控制提供理论计算依据。     

山地城市典型区域地表径流污染迁移空间特征

选取包括山体和城市活动区域等下垫面在内的典型区域,对山地城市地表径流污染迁移特征、降雨等级和降雨强度对污染迁移的影响进行了研究,并分析了从小雨到暴雨等5场典型降雨条件下污染物赋存形态的变化。结果表明,受迁移段人为活动区域的影响,污染物呈现先升高再降低的趋势,入湖前化学需氧量(COD)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)和氨氮(NH3-N)的浓度分别在26.6~87.1、0.87~6.96、0.08~0.28和0.52~1.48 mg/L之间。溶解性COD(DCOD)、溶解性TN(DTN)、溶解性TP(DTP)和溶解性NH3-N(DNH3-N)分别占总污染物的55%~79%、83%~98%、18%~61%和55%~79%。除DTN外,其他3种污染物溶解态浓度占总浓度的百分比随降雨等级和雨强的增大而增大。NH3-N、COD、TP浓度与TSS浓度呈正相关,DCOD、DTN、DTP浓度与总悬浮物(TSS)浓度无相关性。TSS与场降雨的最大雨强呈现正相关。     

滇池流域某分流制小区雨水径流水质及初期冲刷规律研究

为研究滇池流域呈贡地区典型城市小区的雨水径流水质规律及其初期冲刷效应,以便为揭示滇池污染原因和水环境治理积累基础资料,研究选取洛龙河公园旁边一典型分流制城市小区为对象,在雨水排放口布置监测点进行雨水水质水量监测。结果表明,雨水径流污染较为严重,各场次TSS、COD的EMC值都超过了《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918-2002)的一级B标准。初期冲刷效应普遍存在,且随着雨强的增大而增强,截留降雨前期50%的雨水径流量,能有效截留TSS、COD、TN、TP、NH_3-N的比例分别为56.1%~68.3%、55.1%~64.0%、54.9%~61.4%、44.4%~57.7%和54.7%~58.0%。滇池流域呈贡地区城市小区在雨水径流量累积达到0.6之前,截留效率随着截留径流量的比例增加而增加,控制截留的径流量体积比例在0.4~0.8能够取得较高的污染物截留效率。     

苏南老城区合流制管网的溢流污染特征

为了解苏南某市老城区合流制管网溢流污染特征,在苏南某市D排水系统溢流口采集了2种不同降雨强度的水样,检测水样中COD、SS、TN、TP和NH3-N等污染指标的浓度,并对不同降雨强度的水质变化特征与相关性进行分析。结果表明:较高降雨强度下SS、COD、TN、NH3-N和TP的浓度变化范围分别为37~695 mg/L、119~1 441 mg/L、6.2~26mg/L、2.3~6.3 mg/L、0.07~1.48 mg/L;较低降雨强度下SS、COD、TN、NH3-N和TP的浓度变化范围分别为22~228 mg/L、180~535 mg/L、7.9~24.7 mg/L、3.2~24.2 mg/L 1.1~1.99 mg/L。由于不同降雨强度下雨污水冲击能量不同,在降雨强度较高的情况下,COD、TN与SS的线性相关系数分别为0.6954与0.6234,具有一定的相关性,而低降雨强度下无明显相关性。较高降雨强度时截留去除SS可以有效消减溢流污水中的COD和TN,对溢流污染的控制具有一定指导意义。     

城市区域不同屋顶降雨径流水质特征

城市屋顶降雨径流是城市面源污染的主要组成部分之一。为了解城市不同屋顶降雨径流的水质特性,以重庆地区5种屋顶为例进行了20场降雨径流的水质监测。研究结果表明,不透水屋顶降雨径流污染物浓度均随降雨历时的延长而降低,混凝土屋顶降雨径流的COD、TP、TN、NH3-N平均浓度分别是瓦屋顶的1.6、1.7、1.4和1.5倍,且不透水屋顶降雨径流总氮的70%~80%为无机氮,总磷的20%~32%为磷酸盐;浅层屋顶降雨径流COD、TN、TP、NH3-N和NO-3-N浓度分别是深层绿色屋顶的0.25~0.26、0.3~0.5、0.07~0.09、0.3~0.6、0.05~0.06倍,且绿色屋顶降雨径流总氮的60%~80%为硝态氮。前期干旱天数和混凝土屋顶径流中的TN、接骨草屋顶径流中的氨氮浓度呈显著正相关关系,混凝土屋顶径流TP浓度与降雨强度显著正相关,降雨持续时间和瓦屋顶径流TSS平均浓度显著正相关。研究结果为城市建筑屋顶降雨径流的科学管理提供了参考。     

太湖地区典型降雨水稻田径流污染物输出特点及相关性分析

为研究降雨过程中水稻田径流污染物的输出特点及其主要污染物之间的内在关系,在太湖地区何家浜流域划定若干块水稻田作为研究区域,并分别选取单块封闭水稻田沿河岸的直入河点和多块水稻田沿沟渠汇流后的沟渠入河点为采样点,对比封闭小区域和非封闭大区域污染物随降雨径流的输出特点及其相关性。结果表明,降雨引起水田水的扰动,对水田土壤及其污染物只产生间接的扰动或冲刷,而非直接冲刷,因此,不同降雨强度对SS(悬浮态固体)的冲刷并未表现出明显的差异。无论短历时强降雨还是长历时弱降雨,其径流中SS、氮、磷均随降雨历时的延长而降低,其中溶解态氮、磷随降雨历时的变化较小。相比大面积的汇水区域,较小的汇水区域SS峰值点出现的时间更接近降雨峰值点,对降雨的响应时间更短,降雨前期,大汇水区域径流中SS比小汇水区域小很多,而降雨后期要大很多,其主要污染物随降雨历时的延长而降低的规律性更显著,小汇水区域的径流SS和TN(总氮)、TP(总磷)具有很好的线性相关性。     

昆明主城区城市地表径流污染特征分析

昆明市位于滇池上游,城市地表径流污染负荷对滇池水质具有直接影响。通过对昆明主城区内不同功能区12个监测点7次降雨径流过程水样的采集与分析,研究了昆明主城区城市地表径流污染特征。结果表明,昆明主城区城市地表径流中TSS、COD、TN和TP的多场降雨平均浓度分别为182.8、138.2、2.37和0.43 mg/L。不同功能区的地表径流水质存在显著差异(p<0.05);各功能区径流污染负荷顺序为:公路区>商业区>住宅区>文教区;不同功能区单场降雨径流水质动态变化规律是:污染物浓度在降雨径流初期相对较高,中后期浓度快速下降,并逐渐趋于稳定;地表利用功能、降雨特征和交通流量是影响城市地表径流水质的主要因素;城市地表径流中COD、TN、TP与TSS之间有较好的相关性,说明大部分的污染物质是以颗粒吸附态存在。     

山地城市暴雨径流污染特性及控制对策

为了解山城重庆的暴雨径流污染特性,充实国内仍然薄弱的基础资料,对4种用地类型的4场暴雨进行了监测,测试指标包括TSS、COD、TP、TN和NH3-N。结果表明,对于坡度2.5%的交通干道和坡度30%的校园人行道,从污染物浓度降幅的角度考虑初期径流的控制量应分别为2～3 mm和1.8 mm。随降雨时间的延长,路面污染物浓度迅速降低,坡度越大,降低速率越快。对于平均浓度,校园屋顶和草坪的各污染物浓度均达到地表水环境质量Ⅴ类标准(总氮和氨氮除外)。交通干道和校园人行道的总磷平均浓度也满足地表水环境质量Ⅴ类标准,但2种下垫面的COD、TN和氨氮平均浓度分别超出地表水环境质量Ⅴ类标准的2～8倍、1.9～3.1倍和1.9～4.3倍。对于交通干道,场次降雨径流的总氮、总磷和氨氮平均浓度与初期浓度的比值和污染物浓度20 min降幅接近(分别为0.5～0.53和50%～55%)接近,而COD和TSS平均浓度与初期浓度的比值和污染物浓度20 min降幅相近(分别为0.35～0.37和78%～84%)。对于校园人行道,污染物浓度20 min降幅均达到90%以上(90%～96%),场次降雨径流的总氮、总磷、氨氮、COD和TSS的平均浓度与初期浓度的比值接近(0.3～0.4)。研究结果为山地城市暴雨径流的污染控制提供了参考。     

基于城市下垫面和雨污排放口监测方法的内江市建成区城市面源对比分析

分别用基于城市下垫面和雨污排放口监测方法对内江市建成区城市面源进行3次全过程降雨监测。结果表明:(1)屋面5种污染物3次降雨的次降雨径流平均浓度(EMC)平均值均低于其他监测点位。雨污排放口氨氮、总氮的浓度总体高于其他监测点位。交通道路,尤其是交通主干道,由于受人类活动影响大,各种污染物浓度都普遍较高。(2)交通主干道的降雨初始冲刷效应(FFE)最明显,其次为一般道路、庭院、屋面;雨污排放口的FFE很不明显。(3)两种监测方法相对误差最大的是9月6日总磷的估算结果,为14.75%;两种监测方法所得的COD相对误差最大,为9.10%~14.30%,相对误差最小的为氨氮。(4)比例推算法与基于城市下垫面监测方法的相对误差为1.3%~19.2%;排放强度法与基于城市下垫面监测方法的相对误差为0.7%~25.4%。     

典型高混接率分流制排水泵站雨天放江污染特征研究

通过对上海市中心城区典型分流制系统z泵站汛期降雨放江水质水量分析,在调查系统服务区特点、泵站运行和开展现场实测的基础上,得出如下结论：（1）由于管网系统混接情况严重,加上高水位运行、雨前预抽空等原因,Z泵站汛期放江频率高,污染严重;（2）放江污染物的EMC在不同雨型情况下表现不同,溶解性污染物随降雨量的增大而降低,而包含悬浮物的污染指标呈先升后降的变化趋势,这主要与管道沉积物特征有关;（3）随着降雨量的增大,泵站的放江负荷量显著增加。在同等降雨条件下,前峰雨使得泵站放江污染负荷远大于后峰雨;（4）受雨型与预抽空的影响,不论小雨、中雨、大雨,SS初期效应均不显著;COD与TP主要来源于管道沉积污染物,初期效应显著;溶解态污染物初期效应显著,不受降雨雨量与雨型的影响;（5）为有效降低Z泵站降雨放江污染负荷,提出包括雨污混接改造、优化泵站运行、提高截流能力、疏通管道等措施在内的污染控制策略。     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Radionuclides in pinon pine (Pinus edulis) nuts from los alamos national laboratory lands and the dose from consumption

Abstract

One of the dominant tree species growing within and around the eastern portion of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, lands is the pinon pine (Pinus edulis). Pinon pine is used for firewood, fence posts, and building materials and is a source of nuts for food—the seeds are consumed by a wide variety of animals and are also gathered by people in the area and eaten raw or roasted. This study investigated the (1) concentration of ³H, ¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu, and²⁴¹ Am in soils (0‐ to 12‐in. [31 cm] depth underneath the tree), pinon pine shoots (PPS), and pinon pine nuts (PPN) collected from LANL lands and regional background (BG) locations, (2) committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) from the ingestion of nuts, and (3) soil to PPS to PPN concentration ratios (CRs). Most radionuclides, with the exception of ³H in soils, were not significantly higher (p < 0.10) in soils, PPS, and PPN collected from LANL as compared to BG locations, and concentrations of most radionuclides in PPN from LANL have decreased over time. The maximum net CEDE (the CEDE plus two sigma minus BG) at the most conservative ingestion rate (10 lb [4.5 kg]) was 0.0018 mrem (0.018 μSv); this is far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem (1000 μSv). Soil‐to‐nut CRs for most radionuclides were within the range of default values in the literature for common fruits and vegetables.     

Degradation and sorption of imidacloprid in dissimilar surface and subsurface soils

Degradation and sorption/desorption are important processes affecting the leaching of pesticides through soil. This research characterized the degradation and sorption of imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) in Drummer (silty clay loam) and Exeter (sandy loam) surface soils and their corresponding subsurface soils using sequential extraction methods over 400 days. By the end of the incubation, approximately 55% of imidacloprid applied at a rate of 1.0 mg kg^?1 degraded in the Exeter sandy loam surface and subsurface soils, compared to 40% of applied imidacloprid within 300 days in Drummer surface and subsurface soils. At the 0.1 mg kg^?1 application rate, dissipation was slower for all four soils. Water-extractable imidacloprid in Exeter surface soil decreased from 98% of applied at day 1 to > 70% of the imidacloprid remaining after 400 d, as compared to 55% in the Drummer surface soil at day 1 and 12% at day 400. These data suggest that imidacloprid was bioavailable to degrading soil microorganisms and sorption/desorption was not the limiting factor for biodegradation. In subsurface soils > 40% of ¹⁴C-benzoic acid was mineralized over 21 days, demonstrating an active microbial community. In contrast, cumulative ¹⁴CO₂ was less than 1.5% of applied ¹⁴C-imidacloprid in all soils over 400 d. Qualitative differences in the microbial communities appear to limit the degradation of imidacloprid in the subsurface soils.     

Biochemical interaction of six op delayed neurotoxicants with several neurotargets

Abstract

Five organophosphorous insecticides: Leptophos, EPN, Cyano‐fenphos, trichloronate and salithion proved to cause irreversible ataxia not only to chicken but also to mice and sheep. TOCP was included as a reference. Cyanofenphos blocked the catecholamine B‐receptor binding activity with ³H‐norepinephrine at a level similar to that of the specific inhibitor propranolol in the mouse heart preparation. In the lamb heart preparation, the B‐receptor was more sensitive to Leptophos, salithion and TOCP than to propranolol. The six compounds and their oxons were screened for their in‐vitro inhibition to monamine oxidase (MAO), acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) and neurotoxic esterase (NTE) in the brain of either mouse, lamb or chicken. It is believed that their AChE inhibition stands for their acute toxicity, while NTE inhibition is responsible for their paralytic ataxia.     

土壤中砷的化学平衡

本文比较详细地综述了砷的化学特性,环境背景值及来源和循环,土壤中砷的三大化学平衡即沉淀溶解平衡,氧化还原平衡,吸附解吸平衡,以及微生物对砷的转化。     

Elemental uptake by edible herbs and lettuce (Latuca sativa)

The total concentration of toxic elements (aluminum, cadmium, chromium and lead) and selected macro and micro elements (iron, manganese, copper and zinc) are reported in six leafy edible vegetation species, namely lettuce, spinach, cabbage, chards and green and red types of Amaranth herbs. Although spinach and chards had greater than 125 mv of iron, both the amaranthus herbs recorded > than 320 μ g g^{? 1} dry weight. In both the spinach and chard species, the Mn and Zn levels were appreciable recording > 225 μ g g^{? 1} and 150 μ g g^{? 1} dry weight, respectively. Aluminum concentrations were (in μ g g^{? 1} dry weight) lettuce (10), cabbage (11), spinach (167), chards (65), amaranthus green (293) and amaranthus red (233). All the micro and macro elements and the toxic elements (Ni, Cr, Cd and Pb) elements analyzed, were below the recommended maximum permitted levels (RMI) in vegetables. Further the elemental uptake and distribution of the nine elements, at three growth stages of the lettuce plant grown on soil bed under controlled conditions are detailed. In the soil, except for iron (16%), greater than 33% of the other cations were in exchangeable form. Generally in the lettuce plant, roots retained much of the iron (> 224 μ g g^{? 1}) and aluminum (> 360 μ g g^{? 1}), while leaves had less than 200 μ g g^{? 1} of iron and 165 μ g g^{? 1} of Al. Although the concentrations of elements marginally decreased with growth, the lettuce leaves had significant amounts of Mn (30 μ g g^{? 1}), Zn (50 μ g g^{? 1}) and Cu (3.6 μ g g^{? 1}). Some presence of lead in leaves (2.0 μ g g^{? 1}) was noticed, but all the toxic and other elements analyzed were well below the RMI values for the vegetables.     

The dissipation of nonlyphenol in stream and pond water under simulated field conditions

Abstract

The dissipation of 1.0 ppm nonylphenol in stream and pond water, incubated in flasks at 16°C under simulated field conditions up to 44 days indicated that the half‐life was 2.5 days if the flasks were open, and 16 days if they were closed. A transformed product was detected in the closed flasks.

Translocation of nonylphenol in water occurred when treated water samples were incubated in the presence of sediment. After 10 days, nonylphenol was detected only in the sediment, but not in water (detection limit = 10 ppb). About 80% of the nonylphenol was degraded in 71 days, but no degradation occurred if the water and the sediment were autoclaved prior to incubation.