水体沉积物毒性鉴别与评价研究进展

综述了水体沉积物毒性鉴别与评价的主流方法以及研究进展,指出毒性测试和致毒因子鉴别方法是限制水体沉积物污染生态风险评价的关键因素,认为发展和应用以生物标记物和生物效应为导向,尤其是各种具有污染专一性指示作用的生物效应标志测试方法的建立和应用,并结合具有选择性的样品分级技术和先进的仪器进行定性定量分析,将是以生物效应为导向、以化学分析为基础的复杂水体沉积物毒性鉴别与评价的重要发展方向.     

水库沉积物-水界面可溶性锰与环境因素的相关性

水库和湖泊的锰污染是重要的环境问题之一,研究水库沉积物-水界面可溶性锰的迁移-转化规律及其环境因素的影响,具有重要的科学意义和应用价值。以青岛市王圈水库为例,通过室内模拟实验,系统研究水库沉积物-水界面可溶性锰（包括二价锰和三价锰）、pH、Eh、溶解氧（DO）、溶解性有机碳（DOC）的动态变化规律,并定量分析可溶性锰（Mndiss）与环境因素的相关性。研究表明,浓度梯度是上覆水各层Mndiss和Mn（III）迁移扩散的主要驱动力,上覆水和间隙水之间Mndiss和Mn（III）存在明显的浓度差;水库底部处于还原环境时,沉积物中Mn氧化物发生还原反应,从而使Mndiss和Mn（III）释放出来;间隙水中Mndiss和Mn（III）均与pH、Eh和DOC呈现显著性相关,Mndiss与三者的相关系数分别为-0.861、-0.882和-0.934,而Mn（III）与三者的相关系数分别为-0.836、-0.671和-0.851。     

西湖北里湖沉积物磷形态分布及其与间隙水磷的关系

杭州西湖是典型的富营养化浅水湖泊。经过环湖截污等工程措施,影响西湖的外污染源得到有效的治理,但西湖仍处于富营养化状态。在外污染源得到控制后,富含营养盐的沉积物成为西湖水质改善的主要限制因子。通过研究西湖北里湖沉积物中磷的赋存形态和丰度、间隙水磷含量垂向时空分布特征,分析沉积物磷形态与间隙水磷含量的相关性,探讨内源磷对西湖北里湖营养盐的贡献作用。结果表明,北里湖沉积物中活性磷含量较低,不同磷形态及其含量在垂向上呈现一定的波动,没有表现出明显的规律。间隙水总可溶性磷(TDP)和PO34-含量随沉积物深度的变化不明显,但其含量总体在垂向上都有先升高后降低的趋势,与沉积物中各形态磷均具有一定的正相关性。因此,沉积物磷对水体富营养化具有一定的贡献。     

水源水库沉积物磷的赋存形态及其与间隙水磷的关系

为了探明水源水库沉积物磷的赋存形态及其对水体磷的影响,采用连续提取方法,研究了周村水库沉积物中磷的赋存形态分布特征,并探讨了沉积物各形态磷与总磷、烧失量及间隙水中磷的相关性。结果表明,周村水库内源磷负荷较高,沉积物中TP表现出表层富集的现象,表层沉积物中TP空间分布存在较大差异,上游浅水区为554~563 mg·kg-1,库心附近为424~1 161 mg·kg-1,而坝前深水区高达812~2 969 mg·kg-1。无机磷（IP）是总磷（TP）的主要成分,占TP的79.26%~89.12%,IP主要由铝/铁磷（Al/Fe-P）构成。沉积物中的Al/Fe-P含量很高,具有很大的磷释放潜能。沉积物中各形态磷的浓度垂向分布随深度增加而逐渐降低,其中B、C两点变化最为明显。相关性分析结果表明,间隙水PO43--P与Fe-P存在较好的相关性,说明Fe-P对周村水库沉积物间隙水中PO43--P浓度分布有着重要的影响,周村水库水体季节性分层导致恒温层厌氧情况的发生,Fe-P在厌氧还原条件下释放进入间隙水并向上覆水扩散,进而可能对水体水质产生影响。     

水源水库沉积物间隙水营养盐分布特征及扩散通量

为了阐明水源水库沉积物营养盐释放对水体富营养化的贡献,以周村水库为研究对象,探讨沉积物间隙水中氮、磷营养盐的分布特征,同时采用Fick第一定律对沉积物-水界面营养盐的扩散通量进行了估算。周村水库表层沉积物间隙水中NH4+-N的浓度为6.47 to 16.82 mg·L-1,PO43--P的浓度在0.13 to 0.56 mg·L-1之间,均远高于上覆水中的营养盐浓度,表明周村水库表层沉积物具有很大的营养盐释放潜能。Fick第一定律的计算结果表明,沉积物-水界面NH4+-N与PO43--P的扩散通量分别为62.831 to 133.231和0.364 to 1.271 mg·（m2·d）-1,研究区域中间隙水中的营养盐均由沉积物向上覆水扩散,沉积物是底层水体营养盐的重要来源。     

贵州百花湖沉积物中磷的再迁移作用

本文通过百花湖沉积物柱芯不同化学相磷含量分布,孔隙水地球化学及早期成岩模式和通量估算等研究,揭示了磷在早期成岩过程中迁移,转化和富集规律,揭示某些湖泊表层沉积物几厘米磷蓄积浓度的增加与磷在早期成岩过程中的行为有关。     

三垟湿地沉积物-间隙水-上覆水界面磷形态研究

沉积物与上覆水间营养物质交换,成为导致水体发生富营养化的首要化学变迁过程.分别在三垟湿地的柑橘林(S1)、景观用地(S2)和生活用地(S3)取样,研究了沉积物-间隙水-上覆水界面磷形态以及相互关系.结果表明:(1)沉积物TP增加时,间隙水PO3-4和可溶性总磷(TDP)也增加.要削减磷在上覆水中的含量,控制间隙水PO3-4或TDP是一良策.(2)随着沉积物铁磷、铝磷的增加,间隙水PO3-4也增加.在三垟湿地沉积物中,铁磷和铝磷含量都可作为间隙水PO34-含量的指示.(3)S1、S2和S3的沉积物活性磷、间隙水TDP和上覆水TDP存在明显的浓度梯度,沉积物活性磷＞间隙水TDP＞上覆水TDP.说明在三垟湿地中,沉积物活性磷是磷释放的关键因子,而沉积物-间隙水界面则是磷释放的关键界面.     

北运河沉积物/水界面上重金属迁移转化规律

分析测定了6种元素(Cr、Co、Mn、Cu、Pb、Zn)在北运河水系10个采样点水体和表层沉积物中的含量和形态分布,利用SPSS 19.0统计软件对重金属在不同形态中的含量进行相关性分析。结果显示,北运河下游重金属污染程度高于上游;Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn在底泥可提取态中所占比例相当高,多数采样点都超过10.0%。所研究的重金属多数在底泥Fe-Mn结合态与悬浮物、可交换态、硫化物和有机质结合态均存在相关性;Mn是北运河地化循环中最为活跃的元素。     

乌梁素海表层沉积物重金属与营养元素含量的统计分析

对乌梁素海表层沉积物营养盐与重金属的分布情况进行研究,应用SPSS统计分析软件对乌梁素海表层沉积物重金属与营养元素进行相关分析和因子分析,并对重金属元素进行聚类分析。营养元素与重金属间的相关分析表明：重金属元素Cu、Cr、Pb和Cd相互间具有极显著的正相关性;有机质与As和Hg呈极显著的正相关;总氮与Hg呈极显著相关,与As呈显著相关,而与Pb呈极显著负相关,与Cd呈显著负相关;总磷与As呈显著负相关。重金属元素间的R-型聚类分析结果将本论文研究的9种金属元素分为3类。采用主成分分析法对乌梁素海表层沉积物重金属与营养元素进行因子分析,得到4个因子,并进一步分析讨论了各主成分的科学内涵。     

Origin of polluted air masses in the Alps. An overview and first results for MONARPOP

The contribution of ZAMG to MONAROP consists of special weather forecasts to control the SOCs sampling procedure and of the analysis of the specific transport processes for SOCs, which is still in progress.In this paper, air pollutant transport into the Alps is demonstrated by examples of inorganic pollutants: Measurements of NO_x and ozone provide evidence for air pollutant transport by local wind systems (valley and slope winds), especially at low elevated sites of the Alps. In addition, trajectory analyses for the high elevation sites demonstrate the importance of large scale synoptic air pollutant transport. The effects of these transport processes with different spatial and temporal scales are governed by the physical and chemical properties of the particular pollutant.First results for the high alpine MONARPOP stations show that air masses from east Europe influence mostly Sonnblick (Austria), whereas the influence of the Po basin is strongest at Weissfluhjoch (Switzerland).     

Sorption and desorption kinetics of diuron,fluometuron, prometryn and pyrithiobac sodium in soils

Abstract

The sorption and desorption characteristics of four herbicides (diuron, fluometuron, prometryn and pyrithiobac‐sodium) in three different cotton growing soils of Australia was investigated. Kinetics and equilibrium sorption and desorption isotherms were determined using the batch equilibrium technique. Sorption was rapid (> 80% in 2 h) and sorption equilibrium was achieved within a short period of time (ca 4 h) for all herbicides. Sorption isotherms of the four herbicides were described by Freundlich equation with an r² value > 0.98. The herbicide sorption as measured by the distribution coefficient (K_d) values ranged from 3.24 to 5.71 L/kg for diuron, 0.44 to 1.13 L/kg for fluometuron, 1.78 to 6.04 L/kg for prometryn and 0.22 to 0.59 L/kg for pyrithiobac‐sodium. Sorption of herbicides was higher in the Moree soil than in Narrabri and Wee Waa soils. When the K_d values were normalised to organic carbon content of the soils (K_oC), it suggested that the affinity of the herbicides to the organic carbon increased in the order: pyrithiobac‐sodium < fluometuron < prometryn < diuron. The desorption isotherms were also adequately described by the Freundlich equation. For desorption, all herbicides exhibited hysteresis and the hysteresis was stronger for highly sorbed herbicides (diuron and prometryn) than the weakly sorbed herbicides (fluometuron and pyrithiobac‐sodium). Hysteresis was also quantified as the percentage of sorbed herbicides which is not released during the desorption step ω = [n_ad / n_de ‐1] x 100). Soil type and initial concentration had significant effect on ω. The effect of sorption and desorption properties of these four herbicides on the off‐site transport to contaminate surface and groundwater are also discussed in this paper.     

不同温度下西安汉城湖沉积物吸附、释放特性和磷形态

以西安汉城湖为研究对象,2015年4月对湖体沉积物进行现场调查和采样分析,共设4个采样点,研究不同温度下沉积物磷的吸附释放特性及沉积物磷形态的分布。结果表明,沉积物磷等温吸附随着温度的升高而增大,吸附特征符合修正的Langmuir模型,最大吸附容量Qmax的范围为507.21~786.77 mg·kg-1。磷动力学吸附主要发生在实验进行前12 h之内,吸附量基本达到或超过72 h吸附平衡时吸附总量的85%。磷动力学释放量范围为2.02~11.058 mg·kg-1,且在6 h达到最大值。沉积物总磷的含量范围为655.37~1.809.38 mg·kg-1,以无机磷为主,沉积物不同形态磷含量为TP > IP > HCl-P > OP > NaOH-P。沉积物富营养化风险指数ERI的范围为5.92~11.86,在10℃和20℃时,4个采样点的ERI均在10以下,属于低风险,在30℃时,4个采样点的ERI均在10以上,属于中等富营养化风险。     

Time dependent sorption behavior of dinotefuran,imidacloprid and thiamethoxam

Dinetofuran (DNT), imidacloprid (IMD) and thiamethoxam (THM) are among the neonicotinoid insecticides widely used for managing insect pests of agricultural and veterinary importance. Environmental occurrence of neonicotinoid in post-application scenario poses unknown issues to human health and ecology. A sorption kinetic study provides much needed information on physico-chemical interaction of neonicotinoid with soil material. In this research study, time-dependent sorption behavior of DNT, IMD and THM in vineyard soil was studied. Sorption kinetics studies were conducted over a period of 96 hours with sampling duration varying from 0, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 60 and 96 hours. All three neonicotinoids exhibited very low sorption potential for the soil investigated. Overall percent sorption for all three neonicotinoids was below 20.04 ± 2.03% with highest percent sorption being observed for IMD followed by DNT and THM. All three neonicotinoids are highly soluble with solubility increasing with IMD < THM < DNT. Although, DNT has the highest solubility among all three neonicotinoids investigated, it exhibited higher percent sorption compared to THM, indicating factors other than solubility influenced the sorption kinetics. Low sorption potential of neonicotinoids indicates greater leaching potential with regard to groundwater and surface water contamination.     

不同粒径泥沙理化特性对磷吸附过程的影响

以北京大兴南海子湖表层沉积物为研究对象,测试分析了0.147～0.246 mm(细砂)、0.074～0.147 mm(极细砂)、0.0385～0.0740 mm(粉粒)和<0.0385 mm(粉粒粘粒混合物)4种粒径泥沙对磷的吸附行为,并采用相关分析及逐步回归分析探讨不同粒径沉积物中有机质(OM)、Fe、Al、Ca、Mn和TP含量对磷吸附过程的影响。结果表明,二级动力学方程和Langmuir模型能较好地描述南海子不同粒径泥沙的吸附动力学及等温吸附过程(R2>0.90)。粒径对单位质量泥沙吸附磷量具有明显影响,粉粒粘粒混合物>粉粒>细砂>极细砂。总体上,泥沙有机质(OM)、TP、Fe、Al、Ca和Mn含量随粒径的减小而增大,且粘粒对其影响较大。不同粒径泥沙(OM)、Fe、Al、Ca和Mn含量之间存在极显著正相关关系(P<0.01),且均对单位质量泥沙最大吸附量(Xm)和饱和吸附量(Cse)具有正效应,其中Al含量对该参数的影响更为显著。这说明泥沙对磷的吸附行为可能受到粒径和化学成分的共同影响。     

Transport of nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide and ozone to the Alpine Global Atmosphere Watch stations Jungfraujoch (Switzerland), Zugspitze and Hohenpeissenberg (Germany), Sonnblick (Austria) and Mt. Krvavec (Slovenia)

The Alpine stations Zugspitze, Hohenpeissenberg, Sonnblick, Jungfraujoch and Mt. Krvavec contribute to the Global Atmosphere Watch Programme (GAW) of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). The aim of GAW is the surveillance of the large-scale chemical composition of the atmosphere. Thus, the detection of air pollutant transport from regional sources is of particular interest. In this paper, the origin of NO_x (measured with a photo-converter), CO and O₃ at the four Alpine GAW stations is studied by trajectory residence time statistics. Although these methods originated during the early 1980s, no comprehensive study of different atmospheric trace gases measured simultaneously at several background observatories in the Alps was conducted up to present.The main NO_x source regions detected by the trajectory statistics are the northwest of Europe and the region covering East Germany, Czech Republic and southeast Poland, whereas the main CO source areas are the central, north eastern and eastern parts of Europe with some gradient from low to high latitudes. Subsiding air masses from west and southwest are relatively poor in NO_x and CO.The statistics for ozone show strong seasonal effects. Near ground air masses are poor in ozone in winter but rich in ozone in summer. The main source for high ozone concentration in winter is air masses that subside from higher elevations, often enhanced by foehn effects at Hohenpeissenberg. During summer, the Mediterranean constitutes an important additional source for high ozone concentrations.Especially during winter, large differences between Hohenpeissenberg and the higher elevated stations are found. Hohenpeissenberg is frequently within the inversion, whereas the higher elevated stations are above the inversion.Jungfraujoch is the only station where the statistics detect an influence of air rich in CO and NO_x from the Po Basin.     

氧化-载钠改性黑臭河道底泥对磷削减的效果及机制

黑臭河道是我国各大城市面临的主要环境问题之一,其底泥的处置和水体中过量磷的削减急需合理的方法。研究黑臭河道底泥的资源化利用方式,以削减水体中过量的磷具有非常重要的意义。选取北京市凉水河底泥（PS）,对其进行氧化（PS-N）、载钠（PS-Na）以及氧化-载钠（PS-NNa）改性手段,评估原始底泥以及3种改性底泥作为磷吸附材料对磷的削减效果。结果表明,3种改性材料对磷的削减效果均达到60%以上,其中氧化-载钠改性底泥效果最高可达94.7%。利用动力学和吸附等温公式分析材料对磷吸附的机制,结果表明,PS-Na、PS-N和PS-NNa的最大吸附量分别为0.83、1.03和1.42 mg·g-1,且较高的环境温度有利于材料对磷的吸附。此外,动力学分析结果表明,准二级动力学模型能更好地描述改性材料的吸附动力学行为,对磷的吸附主要是材料表面活性吸附点位起主导作用。与国内外常用磷吸附材料相比,3种改性底泥材料在高效除磷方面具有一定的优势。     

多氯联苯污染沉积物质量评价研究进展

介绍了多氯联苯污染沉积物质量评价的研究进展 ,其中 ,简单介绍了多氯联苯的有关概况及环境行为、沉积物质量评价方法及基准研究进展 ;最后 ,重点介绍了包括多氯联苯在内的憎水性有机物污染沉积物质量评价的研究现状及存在问题。     

西苕溪流域沉积物及土壤对磷吸附/解吸特性研究

以赋石水库和其上游河道沉积物以及流域内代表性水稻土为对象,通过分析其理化性质,改变上覆水磷浓度和pH的方法探讨沉积物和土壤对磷吸附/解吸的影响。结果表明:(1)沉积物内较高的磷含量,导致吸附/解吸平衡浓度较高,因此在水库和水体中起着磷"源"的作用;(2)土壤最大磷吸附量为566.45mg/kg,远大于沉积物的吸附量,同时吸附/解吸平衡浓度较低,因此在治理湖泊富营养化时,要加大水土保持的力度,尽量减少作为最主要污染源的农田土壤磷素流入水体;(3)无论上覆水中磷浓度升高还是降低,在未达到吸附/解吸平衡浓度前,土壤和沉积物会持续释放磷,故应把水体治理的重点放在降低土壤和沉积物的磷含量上;(4)上覆水的pH对样品的磷吸附和释放都有显著的影响。在酸性(pH3)或碱性(pH9)环境下,样品的磷吸附量均急剧下降,而水体酸化更易导致平衡后上覆水磷浓度的降低。