食物中重金属的生物可给性和生物有效性的研究方法和应用进展

食品安全问题是直接关系到人民健康的重大民生问题。随着民众生活质量的不断提升,人们对食物质量的关注度越来越高。目前,重金属污染问题是食品安全的一个重要议题。而且,食物中重金属的生物可给性和生物有效性的测定结果已逐渐代替重金属的全量结果进行评价。因此,本文系统介绍了生物可给性和生物有效性的定义及相关关系,综述了生物可给性和生物有效性的多种研究方法的适用性及优缺点,并着重论述了饮食习惯和肠道微生物对重金属生物可给性和生物有效性的影响。研究结果表明：研究者应根据自己的研究目的选择不同的体外消化方法,饮食习惯和肠道微生物均极大的影响着食物中重金属的生物可给性和生物有效性。最后,本文对食物中重金属的生物可给性和生物有效性的研究提出了几点展望：一、需加强食物中重金属复合污染的研究;二、进一步加强肠道微生物对食物中重金属的生物可给性和生物有效性的影响的研究;三、特别需加强中式饮食习惯下对食物中重金属的生物有效性的影响的研究。     

食物中重金属的生物可给性和生物有效性的研究方法和应用进展

食品安全问题是直接关系到人民健康的重大民生问题。随着民众生活质量的不断提升,人们对食物质量的关注度越来越高。目前,重金属污染问题是食品安全的一个重要议题。而且,食物中重金属的生物可给性和生物有效性的测定结果已逐渐代替重金属的全量结果进行评价。因此,本文系统介绍了生物可给性和生物有效性的定义及相关关系,综述了生物可给性和生物有效性的多种研究方法的适用性及优缺点,着重总结了饮食习惯和肠道微生物对重金属生物可给性和生物有效性的影响,指出研究者应根据自己的研究目的选择不同的体外消化方法,饮食习惯和肠道微生物均极大地影响着食物中重金属的生物可给性和生物有效性,并在此基础上对食物中重金属的生物可给性和生物有效性研究今后的发展方向进行了展望。     

土壤汞生物可给性的影响因素研究——基于体外模拟(in vitro)法

选取22种典型土壤,应用2种in vitro(模拟体外试验)方法——SBET法(simple bioaccessibility extraction test,生物有效性简化提取法)和PBET法(physiologically-based extraction test,生物原理提取法),定量阐明土壤性质对Hg生物可给性的影响.结果表明,SBET法中Hg的生物可给性为2.91%—35.65%,平均值为13.26%;PBET法中Hg的生物可给性为1.33%—8.69%,平均值为3.93%.所有土壤均表现为SBET法中Hg的生物可给性显著高于PBET法.pH及有机质含量是SBET法和PBET法中决定Hg生物可给性的关键影响因子,分别可以解释67.8%和81.8%的Hg生物可给性的变化;但两种方法中二者的影响程度不同:SBET法中,土壤有机质含量的影响更大,PBET法中,则是pH的影响更大.研究结果表明,污染土壤中Hg的生物可给性可以根据土壤中Hg总量、pH和有机质含量进行预测.     

污染土壤中铅、砷的生物可给性研究进展

土壤铅、砷污染已成为重要的环境问题,并可对人体健康造成严重危害。对食物链途径的有效控制使得从口部无意摄入的土壤铅、砷对人体,特别是对儿童铅、砷摄入总量的贡献率越来越大,甚至成为主要来源。土壤中铅、砷直接进入人体的消化系统并可被人体胃肠道溶解出的部分称为其生物可给性。有效、准确地判定土壤中铅、砷的生物可给性已经成为解决儿童铅、砷中毒的关键科学问题。因此,有关土壤中铅、砷的生物可给性及其在人体健康风险评价中的应用受到了越来越多的关注。文章综述了污染土壤中铅、砷生物可给性的研究方法及各方法的优缺点,并从土壤性质、模拟胃肠条件等方面分析了影响土壤中铅、砷生物可给性的主要因素和存在的问题,还进一步论述了土壤中铅、砷生物可给性在人体健康风险评价中的应用。最后,提出了今后该领域应重点加强土壤铅、砷生物可给性的标准参考物、模拟胃肠条件的优化以及土壤铅、砷生物可给性在人体健康风险评价中的应用等方面的研究。以期充分发挥铅、砷等环境污染物的生物可给性研究方法的潜力,更好地为控制土壤污染、保护人类健康服务。     

不同含磷化合物修复铅污染土壤后的人体健康风险评价

磷酸盐钝化铅是铅污染土壤的重要修复技术之一.但磷酸盐修复土壤铅污染后,土壤铅对人体的健康风险仍缺乏系统研究.本研究通过向铅污染土壤添加五种不同的含磷化合物(KH_2PO_4、NH_4H_2PO_4、CaHPO_4,植酸和卵磷脂),分析了其对铅污染土壤的钝化效果,运用in vitro和SHIME模型评估修复后土壤铅对人体的健康风险.结果表明,添加含磷化合物30 d后,五种处理均有效降低了铅的DTPA和CaCl_2可提取态,分别降低了62.5%—66.5%和27.8%—49.5%,其中植酸和CaHPO_4处理效果较好,卵磷脂处理效果较差.5种处理中,铅的生物可给性在胃、小肠和结肠阶段有显著差异,分别为8.67%—9.31%、0.88%—1.55%、2.06%—2.76%,由于受pH的影响,铅在胃阶段生物可给性最高且各处理之间差异不明显,在小肠阶段KH_2PO_4处理土壤铅的生物可给性最低,卵磷脂处理铅的生物可给性最高,结肠阶段NH_4H_2PO_4处理土壤铅的生物可给性最低,卵磷脂处理铅的生物可给性最高.结肠阶段铅的生物可给性均高于小肠阶段的,可见肠道微生物促进了土壤中Pb的溶出,提高了铅的生物可给性,增加了人体的健康风险.在添加同等含量的含磷化合物修复铅污染土壤后,KH_2PO_4处理对人体健康风险最小,卵磷脂最大.     

几种改良剂对矿区土壤中As化学形态和生物可给性的影响

通过室内土培实验,分析添加赤泥、沸石、油菜秸秆、磷矿粉和生物炭等5种改良剂对矿区土壤As的化学形态和生物可给性的影响.结果表明,土壤As主要以残渣态为主.改良剂对As化学形态的影响随着培养时间的不同而不同.培养30 d后,5%赤泥和5%沸石处理分别导致土壤中酸可提取态As的含量比对照处理降低12.0%和5.1%.培养30 d和60 d,5%的油菜秸秆、5%的磷矿粉和5%的生物炭处理均显著提高了土壤中酸可提取态As的含量,增强了土壤中As的移动性.5种改良剂对土壤As的生物可给性也有影响.培养30 d和60 d后,5%的赤泥处理显著降低了As的生物可给性,5%的油菜秸秆、5%的磷矿粉和5%的生物炭处理均显著提高了As的生物可给性.培养30 d后,5%的沸石处理导致土壤生物可给性As的含量比对照降低7.5%;培养60 d后,5%的沸石处理对As的生物可给性没有影响.研究表明,赤泥和沸石是修复As污染土壤的潜力改良剂.     

低山丘陵区农业景观格局对害虫-捕食性天敌食物网的影响

农业集约化导致景观破碎化、均质化程度加深.景观斑块的组成及合理布局带来的农业景观高异质性是维持区域生物多样性的关键.该文选择具有典型低山丘陵地貌的辽宁省建平县为研究区,在食物网水平上探究区域农业景观格局对生物多样性的影响.选取20个样区,在明晰区域景观特征、分析害虫-捕食性天敌食物网结构的基础上,采用回归分析和最优模型...     

改良剂对铜镉污染土壤的修复效果及健康风险评估

为了解磷灰石、石灰、木炭对贵溪冶炼厂周边重金属污染土壤的修复效果,通过化学浸出等方法研究了修复后第1年(2010年)和第4年(2013年)土壤中Cu和Cd的可浸出性、有效态(CaCl_2)和生物可给性。结果表明,添加磷灰石、石灰和木炭显著增加了土壤p H值,降低土壤交换性酸和交换性铝含量。改良剂的添加降低了土壤中Cu和Cd的可浸出性和有效态,且磷灰石和石灰处理效果优于木炭,但随着时间推移处理效果减弱。磷灰石和石灰处理1 a后土壤的Cu生物可给性较对照分别降低28.6%和23.1%,Cd生物可给性分别降低21.7%和22.8%,第4年Cu和Cd的生物可给性均有上升趋势。另外,改良剂处理后Cu和Cd的风险系数(QH)均小于1,儿童的风险系数均大于成人。总体上,磷灰石处理在降低Cu和Cd可浸出性、有效态和生物可给性方面具有更好的效果。     

改良剂对土壤As钝化作用及生物可给性的影响

采用室内土壤培养法研究不同改良剂(硫酸亚铁、骨炭、生物调理剂、磷酸二氢钙和堆肥)对土壤As化学形态转化和生物可给性的影响.结果表明,除堆肥和磷酸二氢钙处理外,其他3种改良剂均显著地提高土壤的p H值.BCR分级提取表明,土壤As主要以残渣态形式存在.添加磷酸二氢钙显著地提高了土壤As的移动性,而添加硫酸亚铁、骨炭、生物调理剂和堆肥却显著地降低了土壤As的移动性.培养1个月后,添加硫酸亚铁、骨炭和生物调理剂导致土壤酸可提取态As含量分别比对照处理降低86.65%、76.88%和34.19%.添加不同的改良剂对土壤As的生物可给性也有影响,除磷酸二氢钙处理外,硫酸亚铁、骨炭、生物调理剂和堆肥均显著性地降低了土壤As的生物可给性,其中硫酸亚铁处理对As的固定效果最好.培养2个月后,添加硫酸亚铁处理导致土壤As的生物可给性含量分别比对照降低90.76%,而添加磷酸二氢钙处理导致土壤As的生物可给性含量分别比对照提高1.81倍.硫酸亚铁、骨炭和生物调理剂可作为钝化As污染土壤的潜力材料.     

肠道微生物对土壤中铜、锌、锰生物可给性的影响

为了更全面、准确地评价土壤中金属元素对人体的健康风险,研究土壤中金属元素在结肠阶段的生物可给性具有重要意义。通过采集我国一些地区的6种土壤,利用in vitro方法(PBET和SHIME联用)研究土壤中Cu、Zn、Mn在胃、小肠、结肠阶段的生物可给性。研究显示,土壤中Cu、Zn、Mn在胃阶段的生物可给性分别为23.8%~63.0%、21.2%~64.4%、11.7%~35.6%;从胃阶段到小肠阶段,土壤中Cu的生物可给性提高了0.4%~14.4%,而土壤中Zn在小肠阶段的生物可给性降低了6.7%~38.7%。结肠阶段,土壤中Cu、Zn、Mn的生物可给性分别为2.4%~12.9%、5.7%~18.7%、6.2%~18.9%,与小肠阶段相比,分别降低了21.7%~56.9%、0.4%~36.8%、4.5%~19.1%。结果表明,在肠道微生物存在的情况下,土壤中Cu、Zn、Mn在结肠阶段有较低的人体健康风险。     

Bioaccessibility of metals in soils: comparison between chemical extractions and in vitro tests

It is well-known that the total metal content in soils is not a good indicator of their harmful effects, leading to an overestimation of risks. Toxicological and environmental hazards depend on the chemical species and on its bioavailability to target organisms. Because a good estimation of bioavailability is difficult, a good compromise is to assess bioaccessibility, defined as the maximum amount of a pollutant which is potentially absorbable by a target organism. This study presents a comparison of different strategies to measure metal bioaccessibility in soils. Three procedures were applied to real soil samples with different levels of metal contamination: pseudo-total metal attack, selective sequential extractions and in vitro tests (deliberately developed to simulate human or mammals digestion). Considering the first step of the selective extraction procedure, which can provide the bioaccessible fraction for deposit-feeder organisms, data obtained for each metal were lower than those obtained from in vitro tests. Therefore, it is possible to highlight that this extraction tends to underestimate metal bioaccessibility in soils for humans, while in vitro tests certainly will overestimate bioaccessibility for organisms as invertebrates. If the sum of first and second step of sequential procedure is considered, results are quite similar to those obtained from in vitro tests, but this kind of procedure would require two days of work rather than a few hours required to perform an in vitro test. Results highlight the diversity among the differently defined bioaccessible fractions and the need to apply the most suitable procedure depending on the target organism.     

应用体外胃肠模拟法研究土壤中多氯联苯的生物有效性

采用体外胃肠模拟法,研究了土壤中多氯联苯的生物有效性.研究结果表明,PCBs在模拟胃液中的生物有效性为3.36%-12.48%,肠液中的生物有效性为34.62%-58.90%.胃肠液的pH值、消化时间及液固比均会影响其生物有效性:pH在中性时的生物有效性显著高于酸性条件下,消化时间的延长和液固比的增加均会使生物有效性增...     

利用体外实验方法评估稻米中镉的生物可给性和健康风险

为了研究稻米中镉(Cd)的生物可给性与稻米理化性质之间的相互关系以及稻米摄入而导致的Cd健康风险,从湖南某些地区采集了16个稻米样品,利用in vitro方法研究了这些稻米中Cd的生物可给性及其人体健康风险。结果表明:在16个样品中,有13个样品的Cd含量超过稻米中Cd的限量标准(0.2 mg·kg-1)。稻米中Cd的溶解态含量及其生物可给性变化较大,胃阶段和肠阶段Cd的溶解态含量范围分别为0.102~1.70 mg·kg-1和0.015~0.249 mg·kg-1,平均值分别为0.698 mg·kg-1和0.103 mg·kg-1,胃阶段和肠阶段Cd的生物可给性的范围分别为56.8%~82.0%和6.62%~15.9%,平均值分别为70.9%和11.1%。模拟肠液中Cd的溶解态含量与稻米的纤维含量之间有显著的相关性。如果不考虑稻米中Cd的生物可给性,所采集的所有稻米样品的摄入都将导致成人和儿童健康风险。如果我们考虑了稻米中的生物可给性,只有31%的稻米样品会对成人产生健康风险,将有50%的稻米样品会对儿童产生健康风险。     

Assessment of relative bioavailability of heavy metals in soil using in vivo mouse model and its implication for risk assessment compared with bioaccessibility using in vitro assay

There is limited study to simultaneously determine the relative bioavailability of heavy metals such as Cd, Pb, Cu, Cr(VI), and Ni in soil samples. In the present study, the bioaccessibility of heavy metals using in vitro assay was compared with the relative bioavailability of heavy metals using in vivo mouse model. The bioaccessibility of heavy metals ranged from 9.05 ± 0.97 % (Cr) to 42.8 ± 3.52 % (Cd). The uptake profile of heavy metals in soil and solution samples in mouse revealed that the uptake kinetics could be fitted to a two-compartment model. The relative bioavailability of heavy meals ranged from 34.8 ± 7.0 % (Ni) to 131 ± 20.3 % (Cu). Poor correlation between bioaccessibility and relative bioavailability of heavy metals was observed (r ² = 0.11, p > 0.05). The relative bioavailability of heavy metals was significantly higher than the bioaccessibility of heavy metals (p < 0.05). The present study indicated that the in vitro digestion method should be carefully employed in risk assessment.     

食品烹调处理过程中砷的浓度、形态和生物可给性研究进展

食品作为人体砷暴露的主要途径,其砷的含量和形态备受关注。由于食品原料通常要经过烹饪加工后才会被人食用,因此,食品的烹调处理过程及方式对砷的形态及生物有效性的影响在砷的健康风险评价研究中,需要作为重要因素进行研究。通过综述不同食品烹调处理前后砷浓度、形态和生物可给性变化的相关研究,分析了砷变化的特征,探讨了相关机理,并得出如下结论:烹调处理能使食品中砷的浓度发生升高或降低;高温烹调能使食品中砷形态发生变化,目前研究结果确定的变化主要是砷甜菜碱的分解,烹调中食品砷形态变化的机理尚不明确。不同烹调方式下,食品中砷的生物可给性差异较大,砷的形态变化可能是其生物可给性差异的主要原因。烹调特别是高温烹调下食品砷浓度升高及形态变化导致的健康风险值得进一步关注。     

The relationship between soil geochemistry and the bioaccessibility of trace elements in playground soil

A total of 32 samples of surficial soil were collected from 16 playground areas in Madrid (Spain), in order to investigate the importance of the geochemistry of the soil on subsequent bioaccessibility of trace elements. The in vitro bioaccessibility of As, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn was evaluated by means of two extraction processes that simulate the gastric environment and one that reproduces a gastric?+?intestinal digestion sequence. The results of the in vitro bioaccessibility were compared against aqua regia extractions (“total” concentration), and it was found that total concentrations of As, Cu, Pb and Zn were double those of bioaccessible values, whilst that of Cr was ten times higher. Whereas the results of the gastric?+?intestinal extraction were affected by a high uncertainty, both gastric methods offered very similar and consistent results, with bioaccessibilities following the order: As?=?Cu?=?Pb?=?Zn?>?Co?>?Ni?>?Cr, and ranging from 63 to 7?%. Selected soil properties including pH, organic matter, Fe and CaCO₃ content were determined to assess their influence on trace element bioaccessibility, and it was found that Cu, Pb and Zn were predominantly bound to organic matter and, to a lesser extent, Fe oxides. The former fraction was readily accessible in the gastric solution, whereas Fe oxides seemed to recapture negatively charged chloride complexes of these elements in the gastric solution, lowering their bioaccessibility. The homogeneous pH of the playground soils included in the study does not influence trace element bioaccessibility to any significant extent except for Cr, where the very low gastric accessibility seems to be related to the strongly pH-dependent formation of complexes with organic matter. The results for As, which have been previously described and discussed in detail in Mingot et al. (Chemosphere 84: 1386–1391, 2011), indicate a high gastric bioaccessibility for this element as a consequence of its strong association with calcium carbonate and the ease with which these bonds are broken in the gastric solution. The calculation of risk assessments are therefore dependant on the methodology used and the specific environment they address. This has impacts on management strategies formulated to ensure that the most vulnerable of society, children, can live and play without adverse consequences to their health.     

土壤中六六六在消化道中生物可给性的体外测定

采用体外消化实验模拟了4种有机质含量不同的土壤中六六六在胃和小肠中的释放,重点验证了消化释放出来的六六六在固态消化残渣上的吸着现象以及该现象对测定消化率的影响的研究假设.结果表明,固相吸着对测定消化率有非常显著的影响,这在有机质含量偏高的土壤中尤其明显.吸着影响可以用不同液固比实验设计配合非线性拟合方法加以校正.对有机碳含量分别为0.63%、1.08%、1.60%和2.87%的4种土壤,未经校正的总六六六消化率的均值与标准差分别为(16.7±2.8)%、(11.6±2.0)%、6.9%和(26.4±1.3)%,校正后则分别达到16.7%、16.5%、16.5%和59.7%.显然,除有机质含量很低的样品,未经校正的测定结果显著低估了消化道吸收风险.     

Oral bioaccessibility of trace metals in household dust: a review

Because household dust is a heterogeneous assortment of particles derived from a multitude of diverse sources, concentrations of toxicants, like trace metals, vary widely among sample populations. For risk assessment purposes, the bioaccessibility of a trace metal, or its degree of solubilization in the human lung or digestive environment, provides a better metric of its potential health impact than its total concentration. In this paper, the relatively little direct information that exists on the in vitro oral bioaccessibilities of metals in household dust is reviewed. Data and mechanisms from studies involving better characterized geosolids, like soil and street dust, or metal-rich components thereof, such as paints, are also extrapolated to the household setting, although use of these solids as surrogates of household dust is not recommended. The bioaccessibility of a given metal is highly variable in the household setting; for instance, reported accessibilities of Pb in fluids that mimic the human stomach range from 25 to 80%, and accessibility is usually, but not always, reduced when conditions are altered to mimic the intestine. While part of this variation reflects the inherent heterogeneity of samples arising from local to regional differences in geology, industrial emissions, and domestic (and cultural) practices, considerable variation results from the precise means by which bioaccessibility is determined in vitro. It is recommended, therefore, that the effects of physicochemical variables, and in particular, the solid to fluid ratio and the pH of the stomach phase, are studied systematically such that appropriate algorithms or corrections may be factored into measures of bioaccessibility obtained under operationally defined default conditions.     

Geochemistry,mineralogy, solid-phase fractionation and oral bioaccessibility of lead in urban soils of Lisbon

An urban survey of Lisbon, the largest city in Portugal, was carried out to investigate its environmental burden, emphasizing metallic elements and their public health impacts. This paper examines the geochemistry of lead (Pb) and its influence on human health data. A total of 51 soil samples were collected from urban recreational areas used by children to play outdoors. The semi-quantitative analysis of Pb was carried out by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry after an acid digestion. X-ray diffraction was used to characterize the soil mineralogy. The solid-phase distribution of Pb in the urban soils was investigated on a subset of 7 soils, out of a total of 51 samples, using a non-specific sequential extraction method coupled with chemometric analysis. Oral bioaccessibility measurements were obtained using the Unified BARGE Method developed by the Bioaccessibility Research Group of Europe. The objectives of the study are as follows: (1) investigation of Pb solid-phase distribution; (2) interpretation of Pb oral bioaccessibility measurements; (3) integration of metal geochemistry with human health data; and (4) understanding the influence of geochemistry and mineralogy on oral bioaccessibility. The results show that the bioaccessible fraction of Pb is lower when major metal fractions are associated with less soluble soil phases such as Fe oxyhydroxides, and more increased when the metal is in the highly soluble carbonate phase. However, there is some evidence that the proportion of carbonates in the soil environment is also a key control over the oral bioaccessibility of Pb, irrespective of its solid-phase fractionation.