Minimizing N2O fluxes from full-scale municipal solid waste landfill with properly selected cover soil

Municipal solid waste landfills emit nitrous oxide （N2O） gas. Assuming that the soil cover is the primary N2O source from landfills, this study tested, during a four-year project, the hypothesis that the proper use of chosen soils with fine texture minimizes N2O emissions. A full-scale sanitary landfill, a full-scale bioreactor landfill and a cell planted with Nerium indicum or Festuca arundinacea Schreb, at the Hangzhou Tianziling landfill in Hangzhou City were the test sites. The N2O emission rates from all test sites were considerably lower than those reported in the published reports. Specifically, the N2O emission rate was dependent on soil water content and nitrate concentrations in the cover soil. The effects of leachate recirculation and irrigation were minimal. Properly chosen cover soils applied to the landfills reduced N2O flux.     

Minimizing N_20 fluxes from full-scale municipal solid waste landfill with properly selected cover soil

Municipal solid waste landfills emit nitrous oxide(N_2O)gas.Assuming that the soil cover is the primary N_2O source from landfills, this study tested,during a four-year project,the hypothesis that the proper use of chosen soils with fine texture minimizes N_2O emissions.A full-scale sanitary landfill,a full-scale bioreactor landfill and a cell planted with Nerium indicum or Festuca arundinacea Schreb,at the Hangzhou Tianziling landfill in Hangzhou City were the test sites.The N_2O emission rates from all test sites were considerably lower than those reported in the published reports.Specifically,the N_2O emission rate was dependent on soil water content and nitrate concentrations in the cover soil.The effects of leachate recirculation and irrigation were minimal.Properly chosen cover soils applied to the landfills reduced N_2O flux.     

硝酸盐和甲烷对覆土中苯系物厌氧氧化的影响

苯系物是填埋场填埋气中恶臭有机气体的重要成分之一,填埋气中的CH4则是重要的温室气体.填埋覆土层中的微生物可以氧化CH4和苯系物,因此,强化微生物的氧化效能有助于削减和控制填埋气的污染.电子受体还原可耦合甲烷和某些有机物的厌氧氧化,从而去除甲烷和有机物.鉴此,本研究通过静态培养试验,分析了电子受体SO2-4共存条件下,NO-3和CH4共存对覆土中苯系物厌氧降解的影响.结果表明不外加NO-3时,苯系物抑制CH4的降解,加入NO-3后,苯系物共存反而有利于CH4的去除;单独添加NO-3或CH4都能促进填埋覆土中苯系物的去除;而同时添加NO-3和CH4能更好地促进苯系物的去除,甲苯、二甲苯和异丙苯的去除率最高可达65%、88%和82%,远高于不添加NO-3和CH4对照处理的53%、76%和31%;NO-3还原与CH4厌氧氧化耦合过程能同步促进苯系物的厌氧氧化.     

氨氧化菌对填埋场CH4协同氧化及铵抑制作用的研究

借助乙炔(C₂H₂)抑制和添加外源铵盐,采用批式培养试验,在初始CH₄浓度为16%的条件下模拟填埋场高CH₄浓度环境,通过分析样品中氨氧化菌对CH₄氧化的贡献率及铵对CH₄氧化的抑制率,研究了填埋场覆盖土、矿化垃圾、砂土和黏土中氨氧化菌对CH₄协同氧化及铵抑制作用. 结果表明:4种供试样品中氨氧化菌对CH₄氧化的贡献率在5.64%~16.24%之间,次序为砂土＜黏土＜覆盖土＜矿化垃圾,覆盖土中的贡献率为14.90%,比矿化垃圾低8.25%,填埋场样品(矿化垃圾和覆盖土)是一般土壤(砂土和黏土)的1.8~10.9倍. 铵对CH₄氧化过程的抑制率在11.90%~24.84%之间,次序为砂土＜黏土＜覆盖土＜矿化垃圾,覆盖土中为23.21%,比矿化垃圾低6.56%,填埋场样品是一般土壤的0.9~2.1倍. 填埋场样品中氨氧化菌对CH₄氧化的贡献率及铵对CH₄氧化的抑制率明显高于一般土壤.      

Spatio-temporal variation of landfill gas in pilot-scale semi-aerobic and anaerobic landfills over 5 years

Variation of CH₄, CO₂, and O₂ concentrations in layers of different depths in semi-aerobic and anaerobic landfills was analyzed over a period of 5 years. The results showed that most of the municipal solid waste became basically stable after 5 years of landfill disposal. In the upper and middle layer, the concentration of CH₄ in the semi-aerobic landfill was significantly lower than that in the anaerobic landfill in different landfill periods, while in the lower layer, there was little difference in the CH₄ concentration between the semi-aerobic and anaerobic landfills. The average concentration of CH₄ and CO₂ in the anaerobic landfill was always higher than that in the semi-aerobic landfill, while the O₂ concentration showed an opposite variation in different landfill periods. This was related to the aerobic reaction of landfill waste around the perforated pipe in the semi-aerobic landfill, which inhibited effective landfill gas generation.     

生活垃圾填埋场春夏季CH4释放及影响因素

采用静态箱法监测了2个生活垃圾填埋场春、夏季及昼夜的CH₄释放通量,并分析了影响CH₄释放的相关因素. 结果表明:填埋气体(LFG)主动收集对填埋场CH₄释放的影响显著. 在填埋龄相近的条件(4.0～4.5年)下,无LFG主动收集的填埋场春、夏季CH₄的释放通量(以CH₄计)平均值〔(541±1　005) mg/(m2·h)〕比有LFG主动收集的填埋场提高4.4倍. 在有LFG主动收集的填埋场内,填埋龄为1.0～1.5年的非渗滤液灌溉区的CH₄释放通量均值〔(324±847)mg/(m2·h)〕为灌溉区的10.0倍左右. 在有LFG主动收集的填埋场内,CH₄释放通量与各环境因子间无显著相关;而在无LFG主动收集的填埋场内,CH₄释放通量分别与覆土温度和气温呈显著正相关,与大气压强呈显著负相关.相关性分析结果表明,CH₄释放通量与填埋场覆土中含水率,w(有机碳)和w(总氮)呈显著正相关.      

农田土壤施用系列新型氮肥后气态氮(NH3和N2O)减排效果比较:以夏玉米季为例

为了解不同品种新型氮肥相对常规施肥其氨(NH3)和氧化亚氮(N_2O)的减排效果,本文通过田间原位试验同步研究了夏玉米生长季氮肥施用后的农田NH_3挥发和N_2O排放及其主要驱动因子.以常规施肥(复合肥+尿素,CK)为对照,设置了5个肥料处理,分别为脲铵氮肥(UA)、稳定性复合肥料(UHD)、硫包衣氮肥(SCU)、脲甲醛复合肥(UF)和有机肥(OF),施氮量(以N计)均为300 kg·hm~(-2).相关分析结果表明,氨挥发和N_2O排放受环境因子影响,均与土壤WFPS呈显著负相关(P0.05),N_2O排放还与土壤硝态氮呈极显著正相关(P0.01).进一步回归分析表明,N_2O排放(F_(N_2O))主要取决于土壤硝态氮(x)含量的变化,而氨挥发(F_(NH_3))主要取决于土壤铵态氮(x)含量的变化.与CK相比,除了UA,其它肥料处理都降低了土壤的氨挥发,尤其是UF和OF处理减少了37%~43%.但对于N_2O排放,所有处理与CK皆无显著差异.进一步计算每种处理氨挥发和N_2O的气态氮损失总量,与CK相比,UHD、SCU、UF和OF分别减排了9%、5%、30%和23%,而UA增加了3%.     

城市废弃物处理温室气体排放研究:以厦门市为例

城市废弃物处理是城市人为活动产生温室气体的来源之一.参考IPCC国家温室气体清单指南2006推荐的方法建立了厦门市废弃物处理的温室气体排放计算模型,对厦门市2005～2010年废弃物处理的温室气体排放情况进行了估算,包括固体废弃物填埋、焚烧以及污水处理等过程.结果表明,2005年温室气体总排放量折合二氧化碳当量(CO2e)为406.3 kt,2010年温室气体总排放量(以CO2e计)达到704.6 kt,随着废水处理工艺的提高和城市生活垃圾量的迅速增长,主要排放源由废水处理转变为固体废弃物填埋.2005年填埋产生的温室气体排放占固体废弃物处理排放量的90%左右,2010年所占比例下降到75%.厦门市废水处理温室气体排放量2007年最高,以CO2e计达到325.5 kt,化学原料及化学品制造业从2005～2010年一直是厦门市CH4排放量最高的产业,占工业废水处理CH4排放总量的55%以上.     

庭院垃圾对填埋场甲烷的减量化研究

将熟化时间为24个月和2个月的庭院垃圾分别用于建设0.9 m厚的1#和2#两个生物覆盖层单元,并进行了为期15个月的野外试验,以验证庭院垃圾能否作为生物覆盖层材料用于减少垃圾填埋场甲烷的排放,以及利用同位素和质量守恒方法量化生物覆盖层对垃圾填埋场甲烷的氧化能力.结果表明,两个生物覆盖层对甲烷的氧化能力在建设初期达到整个观测期的最高值,分别为(141±10)g·m-2·d-1和(197±27)g·m-2·d-1,随后生物覆盖单元的甲烷氧化能力随季节交替降低至18~120 g·m-2·d-1和23~70 g·m-2·d-1.试验的中后期,在两个生物覆盖单元中均观测到明显数量的甲烷产出.试验结果表明24个月和2个月熟化时间的庭院垃圾作为生物覆盖填料,均具有较好的甲烷减量化能力,但所含不稳定有机质在厌氧条件下的降解会造成额外的甲烷释放.除此之外,在利用质量守恒方法量化甲烷氧化率时,忽略非甲烷氧化菌的呼吸作用会高估庭院垃圾对甲烷的减量化能力.     

Ammonium-dependent regulation of aerobic methane-consuming bacteria in landfill cover soil by leachate irrigation

The impacts of landfill leachate irrigation on methane oxidation activities and methane-consuming bacteria populations were studied by incubation of landfill cover soils with leachate and (NH₄)₂SO₄ solution at different ammonium concentrations. The community structures and abundances of methane-oxidizing bacteria (MOB) and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) were examined by PCRDGGE and real-time PCR. Compared with the pure (NH₄)₂SO₄ solution, leachate addition was found to have a positive effect on methane oxidation activity. In terms of the irrigation amount, ammonium in leachate was responsible for the actual inhibition of leachate. The extent of inhibitory effect mainly depended on its ammonium concentration. The suppression of the predominant methaneconsuming bacteria, type I MOB, was responsible for the decreased methane oxidation activity by ammonium inhibition. Methaneconsuming bacteria responded diversely in abundance to ammonium. The abundance of type I MOB decreased by fivefold; type II MOB showed stimulation response of fivefold magnification upon the first addition but lessened to be lower than the original level after the second addition; the amount of AOB was stimulated to increase for 20-30 times gradually. Accumulated nitrate from nitrification strengthened the ammonium inhibition on type I and type II MOB, as a result, repetitive irrigation was unfavorable for methane oxidation.     

纳米膜覆盖对畜禽粪便好氧堆肥进程及恶臭气体排放的影响

好氧堆肥是处理畜禽粪便的重要途径,但传统堆肥存在效率低和恶臭气体污染严重等问题.为了加快畜禽粪便堆肥进程,减少恶臭气体排放,探究了覆盖纳米膜对提升畜禽粪便堆肥效率的作用机制.设置槽式好氧堆肥发酵实验,通过堆肥过程中堆体物料的理化性质,酶活性和排放的恶臭气体来评估纳米膜对畜禽粪便堆肥效果的影响.结果表明,覆盖纳米膜能够加快升温,降低堆体物料的p H、有机质(OM)和氨氮(NH₄⁺-N),提高电导率(EC),增强脲酶、蛋白酶、纤维素酶、木聚糖酶和过氧化物酶的活性,并且NH₃、H₂S和TVOC的总累积排放量分别减少了58%、100%和61%.相关性分析显示,大多数酶活性易受温度(T)、EC、OM和C/N的影响.在一定范围内,NH3的排放速率与T呈极显著正相关,与p H呈极显著负相关,TVOC的排放速率与多种理化性质显著相关.覆盖纳米膜能够加快堆体腐熟,减少恶臭气体的排放,是一种无害化、低排放的技术手段,能够有效解决畜禽粪便堆肥发酵带来的污染物排放难题,促进养殖业的绿色可持续发展,为推动生物质废弃物的资源化...     

施用不同污泥堆肥品对土壤温室气体排放的影响

通过田间试验,分别施加两种不同的污泥堆肥品（A：含生物质炭堆肥品,B：不含生物质炭堆肥品）和不同施肥量,分析土壤CO₂、CH₄和N₂O动态变化特征和排放系数,研究施用污泥堆肥品对土壤温室气体排放的影响.结果表明,土壤CO₂和CH₄排放主要集中在生长期,生物质炭堆肥品低施用量能减少CO₂排放,而高施肥量增加CO₂排放.CH₄排放主要为负值,总体表现为土壤吸收CH₄,对照处理吸收量远高于其他处理（P<0.01）,A组处理CH₄吸收量随施肥量的增加而增加（P<0.05）.N₂O排放集中在发芽期和幼苗期,施肥量越高,排放量越大（P<0.01）.污泥堆肥品农用过程排放的温室气体主要是N₂O,施用A、B两种污泥堆肥品的土壤N₂O排放系数分别为1.02%~1.90%和1.28%~2.93%.生物质炭堆肥品具有显著的碳减排效果,其温室气体排放量比不含生物质炭堆肥品的土壤低19.49%~35.56%,且对于N₂O的减排效果较CH₄更为显著.     

Quantifying and managing regional greenhouse gas emissions：Waste sector of Daejeon, Korea

A credible accounting of national and regional inventories for the greenhouse gas （GHG） reduction has emerged as one of the most significant current discussions. This article assessed the regional GHG emissions by three categories of the waste sector in Daejeon Metropolitan City （DMC）, Korea, examined the potential for DMC to reduce GHG emission, and discussed the methodology modified from Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and Korea national guidelines. During the last five years, DMC＇s overall GHG emissions were 239 thousand tons C02 eq./year from eleven public environmental infrastructure facilities, with a population of 1.52 million. Of the three categories, solid waste treatment/disposal contributes 68%, whilst wastewater treatment and others contribute 22% and 10% respectively. Among GHG unit emissions per ton of waste treatment, the biggest contributor was waste incineration of 694 kg CO2 eq./ton, followed by waste disposal of 483 kg CO2 eq./ton, biological treatment of solid waste of 209 kg CO2 eq./ton, wastewater treatment of 0.241 kg CO2 eq./m3, and public water supplies of 0.067 kg CO2 eq./m3. Furthermore, it is suggested that the potential in reducing GHG emissions from landfill process can be as high as 47.5% by increasing landfill gas recovery up to 50%. Therefore, it is apparent that reduction strategies for the main contributors of GHG emissions should take precedence over minor contributors and lead to the best practice for managing GHGs abatement.     

Use of additive and pretreatment to control odors in municipal kitchen waste during aerobic composting

The effects of adding a bulking agent and chemically pretreating municipal kitchen waste before aerobic composting were studied using a laboratory-scale system. The system used 20-L reactors and each test lasted 28 days. The objective was to decrease NH₃ and H₂S emissions during composting. The bulking agent, dry cornstalks, was mixed with the kitchen waste to give a mixture containing 15% (wet weight) bulking agent. A combined treatment was also conducted, in which kitchen waste mixed with the bulking agent was pretreated with ferric chloride (FeCl₃). Less leachate was produced by the composted kitchen waste mixed with bulking agent than by the kitchen waste alone, when the materials had reached the required maturity. The presence of cornstalks also caused less H₂S to be emitted, but had little impact on the amount of NH₃ emitted. The FeCl₃ was found to act as an effective chemical flocculant, and its presence significantly decreased the amounts of NH₃ and H₂S emitted. Kitchen waste mixed with cornstalks and treated with FeCl₃ emitted 42% less NH₃ and 76% less H₂S during composting than did pure kitchen waste.     

城市生活垃圾填埋场垃圾-土壤-植物中汞含量的分布特征

在贵阳和武汉市的4座城市生活垃圾填埋场,研究了其中的生活垃圾、土壤和植物中的汞含量分布特征。结果显示,城市生活垃圾的汞含量分布极不均匀,浓度为0.170~46.222 mg.kg-1,几何均值0.574 mg.kg-1,一半以上的样品汞含量低于0.5 mg.kg-1,个别含量异常偏高,可能是被混入的含汞废弃产品污染了,而各个填埋场的垃圾汞含量几何均值相差不大。不同垃圾填埋场覆盖土壤的汞含量差异显著,反映了填埋场所在区域的土壤背景值以及垃圾填埋活动对覆盖土壤的污染程度,有时覆盖土壤的汞含量超过区域土壤背景值的2~23倍。填埋场附近的农田土壤存在一定的汞污染迹象。填埋场生长的植物因生活习性的不同汞含量分布特征也不同,无喙齿冠草为叶>根>茎,狗牙根和硬质早熟禾为地下部分>地上部分。随着填埋场运行时间的增长,附近生长的苔藓汞含量不断升高,封闭填埋场种植的玉米果实有一部分汞含量超过了食用标准,这些都说明填埋场的运行会给周围的生态环境带来一定的汞污染风险。     

南京轿子山生活垃圾填埋场温室气体释放的变化规律

垃圾填埋场是全球温室气体释放的重要来源. 在南京轿子山生活垃圾填埋场3个具有不同填埋龄(4~13 a)、覆土深度(30~100 cm)和有无填埋气收集系统的平台,采用静态箱气相色谱法对填埋场CH₄和N₂O的释放规律进行了研究. 结果表明:填埋龄与覆土深度对填埋场CH₄和N₂O的释放影响显著,与其他2个平台相比,填埋龄(10~15 a)长、覆土深度(80~100 cm)大且无填埋气收集系统的平台1的CH₄和N₂O四季及昼夜释放通量均相对较小,相差为2个数量级;虽然3个平台温室气体释放通量的昼夜和季节性变化规律并不一致,但在春季均出现最小值,CH₄和N₂O的最小释放通量分别约为30和186.49 μg/(m2·h). 夏季、秋冬季交替及冬春季交替时期,CH₄和N₂O的释放通量均出现峰值,晚上的释放量约占全天释放总量的70%左右. 垃圾填埋场是高度异质性体系,相关性分析表明,CH₄释放通量与覆土温度、覆土含水率无显著相关性,而N₂O释放通量却与这2个指标呈显著相关. CH₄释放通量季节和昼夜性变化较稳定,变异系数范围分别为13%~405%和43%~429%. N₂O释放通量的季节性和昼夜性变异水平较高,变异系数范围分别为15%~1 005%和17%~1 552%,因此有必要进行全时段监测.      

Cover crop effects on nitrous oxide emission from a manure-treated Mollisol

Agriculture contributes 40–60% of the total annual N₂O emissions to the atmosphere. Development of management practices to reduce these emissions would have a significant impact on greenhouse gas levels. Non-leguminous cover crops are efficient scavengers of residual soil NO₃, thereby reducing leaching losses. However, the effect of a grass cover crop on N₂O emissions from soil receiving liquid swine manure has not been evaluated. This study investigated: (i) the temporal patterns of N₂O emissions following addition of swine manure slurry in a laboratory setting under fluctuating soil moisture regimes; (ii) assessed the potential of a rye (Secale cereale L.) cover crop to decrease N₂O emissions under these conditions; and (iii) quantified field N₂O emissions in response to either spring applied urea ammonium nitrate (UAN) or different rates of fall-applied liquid swine manure, in the presence or absence of a rye/oat winter cover crop. Laboratory experiments investigating cover crop effects N₂O emissions were performed in a controlled environment chamber programmed for a 14 h light period, 18 °C day temperature, and 15 °C night temperature. Treatments with or without a living rye cover crop were treated with either: (i) no manure; (ii) a phosphorus-based manure application rate (low manure): or (iii) a nitrogen-based manure application rate (high manure). We observed a significant reduction in N₂O emissions in the presence of the rye cover crop. Field experiments were performed on a fine-loamy soil in Central Iowa from October 12, 2005 to October 2, 2006. We observed no significant effect of the cover crop on cumulative N₂O emissions in the field. The primary factor influencing N₂O emission was N application rate, regardless of form or timing. The response of N₂O emission to N additions was non-linear, with progressively more N₂O emitted with increasing N application. These results indicate that while cover crops have the potential to reduce N₂O emissions, N application rate may be the overriding factor.     

Cost-Effectiveness of Alternative Strategies in Mitigating the Greenhouse Impact of Waste Management in Three Communities of Different Size

Waste management is a significant source of methane (CH₄) emissions. CH₄ is second to carbon dioxide (CO₂) the most important anthropogenic greenhouse gas. In this article the methodology and results from a study on the reduction potential of alternative waste treatment strategies in mitigating the greenhouse impact are presented. The objective is to provide information to decision makers so that the greenhouse issue can be included in the decision making on waste management strategies. The potential cost-effectiveness of reducing the greenhouse impact of alternative waste treatment strategies in three communities of different size in Finland is assessed. The estimation of the greenhouse impact includes estimates of the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, the amount of carbon (C) stored at landfills (Csink) and the emission savings that can be achieved by using waste for energy production (assumed decrease in the use of fossil fuels). Landfill gas recovery with energy production was found to be the most-efficient way in reducing the greenhouse impact from large landfills. Burning of all the waste or the combustible fraction in municipal solid waste (MSW) was also an efficient method to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, especially if the energy produced can reduce the burning of fossil fuels. Emissions from transportation of waste are small compared with the emissions from landfills. Even if the transportion mileage is doubled due to increasing separation and recycling the greenhouse impact of transportation would be only 3–4 percent of the impact of landfilling the waste.     

Effect of liming on sulfate transformation and sulfur gas emissions in degraded vegetable soil treated by reductive soil disinfestation

Reductive soil disinfestation (RSD), namely amending organic materials and mulching or flooding to create strong reductive status, has been widely applied to improve degraded soils. However, there is little information available about sulfate (SO₄^2 −) transformation and sulfur (S) gas emissions during RSD treatment to degraded vegetable soils, in which S is generally accumulated. To investigate the effects of liming on SO₄^2 − transformation and S gas emissions, two SO₄^2 −-accumulated vegetable soils (denoted as S1 and S2) were treated by RSD, and RSD plus lime, denoted as RSD₀ and RSD₁, respectively. The results showed that RSD₀ treatment reduced soil SO₄^2 − by 51% and 61% in S1 and S2, respectively. The disappeared SO₄^2 − was mainly transformed into the undissolved form. During RSD treatment, hydrogen sulfide (H₂S), carbonyl sulfide (COS), and dimethyl sulfide (DMS) were detected, but the total S gas emission accounted for < 0.006% of total S in both soils. Compared to RSD₀, lime addition stimulated the conversion of SO₄^2 − into undissolved form, reduced soil SO₄^2 − by 81% in S1 and 84% in S2 and reduced total S gas emissions by 32% in S1 and 57% in S2, respectively. In addition to H₂S, COS and DMS, the emissions of carbon disulfide, methyl mercaptan, and dimethyl disulfide were also detected in RSD₁ treatment. The results indicated that RSD was an effective method to remove SO₄^2 −, liming stimulates the conversion of dissolved SO₄^2 − into undissolved form, probably due to the precipitation with calcium.     

我国城市生活垃圾处理处置全过程大气排放研究进展

2016年我国城市生活垃圾的年清运量突破2×108 t,并且在未来一段时间内仍会呈现上升趋势.虽然近年来我国城市垃圾无害化处理率年均增幅超过10%,但随着城市化进程的不断深入,庞大的垃圾产生量给现有城市垃圾处理系统造成巨大挑战,同时使垃圾处理处置过程中大气温室气体及污染物排放逐渐引起社会关注,如2010年我国垃圾焚烧导致大气污染物NO_x、SO₂、CO、颗粒物的排放量分别为28、12 062、6 500、4 654 t等.充分调研现有垃圾处理处置全过程大气排放的研究,总结我国城市生活垃圾收集、转运到最终处理处置大气排放物种多样、排放分散的现状,结合现有研究覆盖范围有限、研究物种稀少的局限,同时为进一步推进大气排放清单系统化和精细化的进程,提出以下建议和展望:①核算城市和地区垃圾转运过程中的大气环境成本和压缩空间;②进一步完善并扩充垃圾焚烧多种有毒有害大气污染物（如二英、重金属元素及挥发性有机物等）排放特征测试和排放清单的研究;③在完善生活垃圾填埋场温室气体排放时空分布特征的同时,健全生活垃圾填埋场颗粒物及挥发性有机物等典型大气污染物排放清单相关研究.