关于环境管理 几点思考

我国利用经济手段、行政手段治理环境污染存在一定局限,从而使各项环保措施难以收到理想效果。文章针对几种环境管理方式的局限性,指出开展环境保护工作不能“一刀切”,也不能对国外流行的方式照搬照抄,而是要脚踏实地,从现实入手进行环境管理。最后对几种新环境管理方式给予了评价。     

中国环境管理中经济手段的应用

文章在说明环境管理中经济手段的分类、选择经济手段原则的同时,着重阐述中国环境管理中经济手段的使用现状,并提出相应的建议。     

现代材料管理:更注重环境、更综合、更具影响力

环境企业管理对整个经济来说是必要的,也有利于各个企业单位。它影响到公司的所有职能领域和水平。 在采用有环境意识的企业实践的公司中,材料管理职能变得甚至更加重要。它正在发展一种外延的质量概念和一种环境成本有效性方法,把风险管理看得与成本管理同等重要;它也在采取进一步的战略措施,它再也不只是购买供应商现成的东西,而要充当产品开发的合作伙伴。 环境材料管理利用市场经济手段为实现环境目标而努力。在德国环境管理协会（B.A.U.M）的材料管理工作组中,有实践经验的专家学者共同研究,提出了实用的问题解决办法。     

绿色标志运动在世界

随着人们对环境问题的日益关注,一场以保护环境为宗旨的绿色消费运动在全世界蓬勃发展.本文以绿色标志运动的发展过程为线索,详细论述了目前世界各国开展这场运动的现状、组织形式及不同的实施手段.文中介绍了几种已被采用的环境标志的设计思想,列举了绿色标志产品所涉及的种类及不同评审标准,并对绿色标志的管理作了充分说明.此外,文章还着重分析了绿色标志运动对改善环境的影响,为我国开展此项运动提供了借鉴.     

美国环保局的环境伙伴

通过统称为“环境伙伴”的一系列伙伴关系计划,美国环境保护局正在证实志愿目标与承诺能以一种及时和成本有效的方式达到真实的环境结果．志愿计划已经证明是一种预防污染、减少废物和提高能源效率的高度有效手段．通过这些努力,各公司正在实施新途径来改善其环境表现,...     

几种植物源农药对环境生物的毒性

测定了几种植物源农药对几种环境生物的急性毒性.结果表明:不同植物源农药对同一种环境生物的毒性差异很大,同一种植物源农药对不同的环境生物毒性也不同;说明并非所有的植物源农药都是安全的.表4参5     

中欧环境管理合作计划(EMCP)——推动中国清洁生产和环境管理发展

1992年中国首次引进提出清洁生产概念,并在最近颁布的《中华人民共和国清洁生产促进法》中对清洁生产概念作了新的定义.尽管在中国已建立一系列的有利于环境管理机制包括清洁生产审计、ISO14000认证、生态标志等,中国清洁生产的进一步发展过程仍将面临以下几个方面挑战:◆注重清洁生产项目的实施,包括工程设计和对清洁生产项目投资与融资等方面;◆使清洁生产成为提高企业经营效率的重要工具或手段;◆认识到商业部门负责人在实施清洁生产以及加大采纳清洁生产方面作用.中国正在经历从计划经济体制到市场经济体制的转变.中国的开放及其社会发展对全球从贸易到环境都可能造成影响,因此清洁生产和环境管理是中国可持续发展的重要一步.本文概括了中国清洁生产和环境管理所面临的挑战和机遇,评价分析了中国和欧盟的合作项目《中欧环境管理合作计划》在强化中国清洁生产和环境管理方面的作用.     

图书与报告

概览用于决策分析的环境管理方法技术手册1999年初，联合国环境署国际环境技术中心（IETC）对来自6个最不发达国家的代表进行了环境管理培训.培训中介绍了环境管理的基本原理和可持续发展的挑战与实施.这次培训的一个重要部分集中在环境管理方法和手段上，例如环境技术评估、环境风险评估、迅速的城市环境评估、环境剖析和环境管理系统.这些方法有助于满足把环境因素纳入影响国家、工业或社区发展的决策中的要求，这是许多参与者所强调的一种要求.这本手册包括技术资料和附带的三个有关所涉及主题的培训单元.培训项目还得到了菲律宾技术合…     

美国环保局的环境伙伴

通过统称为"环境伙伴"的一系列伙伴关系计划,美国环境保护局正在证实志愿目标与承诺能以一种及时和成本有效的方式达到真实的环境结果.志愿计划已经证明是一种预防污染、减少废物和提高能源效率的高度有效手段.通过这些努力,各公司正在实施新途径来改善其环境表现,且往往同时提高其基础水平.     

第三讲 乡镇企业的环境法制管理

环境法制是环境管理的主要支柱和重要手段之一。乡镇企业的环境法制管理是乡镇企业主要环境对策之一。农村各级决策者、环境保护工作者及企业负责人、各方面有关工作人员了解和掌握环境保护法规的基本知识,对于树立法规观念,加强环境管理,自觉地做好乡镇企业环保工作具有重要意义。     

西部大开发与环境保护政策的取向

实施西部大开发战略是我国跨世纪的重大决策，党中央和国家已将生态建设和环境保护放在十分重要的地位。文章对我国当前的环境保护政策进行了归纳和分析，指出了其中存在的困难和问题在于立法机制不健全、可行性差、与市场机制不相适应等。西部地区应认识和吸取有益经验，制定出与市场经济相适应的环境政策，实现西部地区经济社会与环境的协调发展。     

On Advocacy by Environmental Scientists: What, Whether, Why, and How

Abstract:  Debate about the nature and appropriateness of advocacy by environmental scientists is important—it represents understanding the role of these citizens in our society. Much has been written about advocacy by scientists, and that literature describes substantial diversity in reasons why advocacy by scientists is or is not appropriate. Despite the nature of this literature there has been no comprehensive, systematic review of why some favor and others oppose advocacy by environmental scientists. Through a literature review we catalogued, categorized, and critiqued the arguments used for and against the appropriateness of advocacy by environmental scientists. Most arguments, whether for or against advocacy, are characterized by some significant deficiency. From our analysis of the literature an argument emerges that to date has never been fully articulated: that advocacy is nearly unavoidable, and that scientists, by virtue of being citizens first and scientists second, have a responsibility to advocate to the best of their abilities, to improve their advocacy abilities, and to advocate in a justified and transparent manner. We also discuss the meaning and relevance of advocacy being justified and transparent. We suggest scientists expend their efforts to better understand what constitutes appropriate advocacy and spend less effort pondering whether they should advocate .     

湿地对水中磷素净化作用的研究进展

随着对湿地功能认识的加强，湿地科学研究从资源考察开始向湿地过程研究转变，尤其是全球环境问题的加剧，使得湿地对营养物质的截留功能倍受关注。磷是农业非点源污染的重要元素之一，又是导致湿地及下游水体富营养化的重要原因，研究湿地对水中磷素的净化作用是湿地生物地球化学研究和流域水环境保护研究的重要环节。文章综述了湿地系统各因子(土壤、植被、水文、微生物)及其它环境因子(如温度、CO2浓度、污染物负荷)对磷的净化作用的影响以及湿地中磷的动态模型等方面的国内外研究进展，指出在研究手段、方法和内容方面的不足，强调今后研究应注重长期连续的湿地动态监测，湿地净化功能模型和净化能力阈值以及景观生态学在湿地净化功能方面的应用。     

Insight of chemical environmental risk and its management from the vinyl chloride accident

The combustion of vinyl chloride (VC) after the train derailment accident in Ohio, USA in February, 2023 has caused widespread concern around the world. This paper tried to analyze several issues concerning the accident, including the appropriateness of the VC combustion in the emergency response in this accident, the meanings of so-called “controlled combustion”, the potential environmental risks caused by VC and combustion by-products, and follow-up work. In our view, this accident had surely caused environmental and health risks to some extent. Hence, a comprehensive environmental risk assessment is necessary, and then the site with risk should be comprehensively remediated, hazardous waste should be harmlessly treated as soon as possible. Finally, this accident suggests that further efforts should be taken to bridge the gap between chemical safety management and their environmental risk management.     

Addressing the environmental risk of persistent organic pollutants in China

The Stockholm Convention on persistent organic pollutants (POPs) was adopted in 2001. This year is the 10th anniversary of the adoption of the Convention. Until now, 22 chemicals or chemical categories have been listed as POPs in the Stockholm Convention. The POPs Research Center was established in Tsinghua University in the same year when the Convention was adopted. In the last ten years, much work has been done by Chinese researchers to understand the environmental risk of POPs in China. This article aims to review the recent research progress of our POPs Research Center and some other Chinese researchers?? studies in addressing the environmental risk of POPs, including the priority screening and inventory study of POPs, monitoring and modeling of POPs pollution and exposure, and environmental risk assessment and modeling of POPs. Although great advances in addressing the environmental risk of POPs have been made in recent years, we are still facing quite a few problems, such as data scarcity and uncertainty in environmental risk assessment of POPs. The study on the effect of POPs mixtures is in its infancy and currently POPs are usually assessed from legal perspective by risk assessment of single chemicals. These problems should be well addressed by further efforts. Further studies should also be taken in future to study environment risk of POPs by considering aspects of coupled dynamics between climate processes and POPs. Such sound scientific, riskbased information can support decision-making aiming to effectively minimize the risk level of POPs.     

土-岩界面重金属行为的研究进展

随着多环境介质问题研究的深入,重金属在跨介质迁移时产生的界面效应问题倍受人们关注。土－岩界面因其特有的微环境结构和特性,使重金属在该界面的行为过程既部分地表现出与在两侧的环境介质运移过程的动力学特征及机制,又有其独特的特性。有关研究表明自然因素及人为活动等引起的环境参数的变化对土－岩界面的重金属行为有显著影响。今后土－岩界面的重金属行为研究应在目前研究状况的基础上立足于为土壤污染的修复提供技术支撑。     

Feedbacks between conservation and social-ecological systems

Robust ways to meet objectives of environmental conservation and social and economic development remain elusive. This struggle may in part be related to insufficient understanding of the feedbacks between conservation initiatives and social-ecological systems, specifically, the ways in which conservation initiatives result in social changes that have secondary effects on the environments targeted by conservation. To explore this idea, we sampled peer-reviewed articles addressing the social and environmental dimensions of conservation and coded each paper according to its research focus and characterization of these feedbacks. The majority of articles in our sample focused either on the effect of conservation initiatives on people (e.g., relocation, employment) or the effect of people on the environment (e.g., fragmentation, conservation efficacy of traditional management systems). Few studies in our sample empirically addressed both the social dynamics resulting from conservation initiatives and subsequent environmental effects. In many cases, one was measured and the other was discussed anecdotally. Among the studies that describe feedbacks between social and environmental variables, there was more evidence of positive (amplifying) feedbacks between social and environmental outcomes (i.e., undesirable social outcomes yielded undesirable environmental effects and desirable social outcomes yielded desirable environmental effects). The major themes within the sampled literature include conflict between humans and wild animals, social movements, adaptive comanagement, loss of traditional management systems, traditional ecological knowledge, human displacement and risks to livelihoods, and conservation and development. The narratives associated with each theme can serve as hypotheses for facilitating further discussion about conservation issues and for catalyzing future studies of the feedbacks between conservation and social-ecological systems.     

How long can fisheries management delay action in response to ecosystem and climate change?

Sustainable management of fisheries is often compromised by management delaying implementation of regulations that reduce harvest, in order to maintain higher catches in the short-term. Decreases or increases in fish population growth rate driven by environmental change, including ecosystem and climate change, affect the harvest that can be taken sustainably. If not acted on rapidly, environmental change could result in unsustainable fishing or missed opportunity for higher catches. Using simulation models of harvested fish populations influenced by environmental change, we explore how long fisheries managers can afford to wait before changing harvest regulations in response to changes in population growth. If environmental change causes population declines, delays greater than five years increase the probability of population collapse. Species with fast and highly variable population growth rates are more susceptible to collapse under delays and should be a priority for revised management where delays occur. Generally, the long-term cost of delay, in terms of lost fishing opportunity, exceeds the short-term benefits of overfishing. Lowering harvest limits and monitoring for environmental change can alleviate the impact of delays; however, these measures may be more costly than reducing delays. We recommend that management systems that allow rapid responses to population growth changes be enacted for fisheries management to adapt to ecosystem and climate change.     

蚕豆根尖微核技术的方法学新论

虽然蚕豆根尖微核技术已是一个成熟规范的检测污染物遗传毒性的方法,但其中仍涉及一些重要的方法学问题值得深入探讨和研究。本文在图示正确观测蚕豆根尖细胞内微核和染色体畸变,如染色体断裂、丢失及染色体桥等的基础上,提出应该对蚕豆根尖分裂相细胞及其染色体畸变进行观测,以便更加准确、细致地反映污染物作用的剂量-效应关系和分子机制。同时还就该方法的其他重要问题提出了自己的观点,供同行们深入探讨和研究,使之不断完善,更好地服务于环境监测和风险评价等领域。