Alterations in Carbohydrate Metabolism in Selected Tissues of Crab, Oziotelphusa Senex Senex (Fabricius) Under Fenvalerate-Induced Stress

Changes in carbohydrate metabolism in hepatopancreas and muscle of the crab, Oziotelphusa senex senex exposed to a sublethal concentration (0.2 ppm) of fenvalerate, a pyrethroid insecticide, were studied. the glycogen and total carbohydrate levels decreased significantly in the tissues of crab exposed to fenvalerate. an increase in phosphorylase 'a' and decrease in aldolase activity levels suggested increased glycogenolysis, and decreased glycolysis during fenvalerate toxicity. Krebs cycle enzymes such as NAD-isocitrate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase were decreased, suggesting reduced mitochondrial oxidative metabolism. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity was increased significantly, indicating enhanced oxidation of glucose through the hexose monophosphate shunt pathway. Lactate dehydrogenase activity was elevated indicating the development of anaerobic conditions at tissue level in the stressed crab. Cytochrome C oxidase and Mg2+ ATPase activity levels were also decreased, indicating the impaired energy synthesis and prevalence of energy crisis. These results suggest that fenvalerate has a profound effect on the glucose metabolism of crab.     

Alterations in Carbohydrate Metabolism in Selected Tissues of Crab,Oziotelphusa Senex Senex (Fabricius) Under Fenvalerate-Induced Stress

Changes in carbohydrate metabolism in hepatopancreas and muscle of the crab, Oziotelphusa senex senex exposed to a sublethal concentration (0.2 ppm) of fenvalerate, a pyrethroid insecticide, were studied. the glycogen and total carbohydrate levels decreased significantly in the tissues of crab exposed to fenvalerate. an increase in phosphorylase ‘a’ and decrease in aldolase activity levels suggested increased glycogenolysis, and decreased glycolysis during fenvalerate toxicity. Krebs cycle enzymes such as NAD-isocitrate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase were decreased, suggesting reduced mitochondrial oxidative metabolism. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity was increased significantly, indicating enhanced oxidation of glucose through the hexose monophosphate shunt pathway. Lactate dehydrogenase activity was elevated indicating the development of anaerobic conditions at tissue level in the stressed crab. Cytochrome C oxidase and Mg2+ ATPase activity levels were also decreased, indicating the impaired energy synthesis and prevalence of energy crisis. These results suggest that fenvalerate has a profound effect on the glucose metabolism of crab.     

Toxicity of copper to the marine amphipod Allorchestes compressa in the presence of water-and lipid-soluble ligands

Acute toxicity tests were carried out on the marine amphipod Allorchestes compressa Dana using copper sulphate and some organocopper complexes. For copper sulphate, 96 h LC₅₀ values of 0.11 and 0.5 mg Cu l^-1 were determined for the juveniles and the adults, respectively, juveniles being 4.5 times more sensitive to copper than adults. Organocopper complexes were tested on adults only. The three water-soluble ligands nitrilotriacetic acid, 8-hydroxyquinoline-5-sulphonic acid and tannic acid ameliorated copper toxicity by decreasing the concentration of free ionic copper, while lipid-soluble ligands such as oxine and potassium ethylxanthogenate increased copper toxicity, presumably as a result of the complexes diffusing through the cell membrane and participating in injurious reaction. The copper complex with 2,9-dimethyll, 10-phenanthroline was the most toxic complex tested. It is suggested that the presence of these ligands in the receiving water should be taken into consideration when establishing water-quality criteria.     

Studies on water-extractable carbohydrates of the particulate matter from the northwest Pacific Ocean

We have studied carbohydrate metabolism in the marine environment by means of the isolation and characterization of carbohydrates of particulate matter from various depths. The present work is especially concerned with water-extractable carbohydrates of the particulate samples from 11 stations of the northwest Pacific Ocean. Water-extractable carbohydrate content in the particulate matter of the surface waters was measured; it ranged from 19.2 to 36.0% of the total particulate carbohydrate. These values decreased, ranging from 6.5 to 15.5% at 50 m depth. Such rapid vertical change of the concentration of the carbohydrate indicated that it was lost from the particulate matter much faster than the other particulate organic constituents such as protein and water-insoluble carbohydrate. This process left water-insoluble carbohydrate in the deep-water particulate matter as previously observed in the Sagami Nada, off eastern Honshu, Japan. Upon acid hydrolysis, water-extractable carbohydrate revealed glucose ranging from 67.0 to 84.2%. Rhamnose, fucose, ribose, arabinose, xylose, mannose and galactose were also identified as components of the carbohydrate fraction. Carbohydrate studies on the laboratory cultured diatoms clearly indicated that the water-extractable carbohydrates were food reserve materials of the diatoms. In view of this fact, the metabolism of the water-extractable carbohydrate in the euphotic zone and its underlying layer is discussed.     

Geochemical and biological controls on trace metal transport in an acid mine impacted watershed

Water samples collected in an acid mine impacted watershed indicated that the concentrations of dissolved trace metals were diurnally influenced by mineral saturation, which is controlled primarily by pH and water temperature. Measurements taken suggested that these variations only occur at sample locations immediately downstream from the confluence of acidic and alkaline waters. It is at these locations where initial mineral precipitation occurred and where subtle changes in solubility were most affected, increasing trace metal removal when both the rate of photosynthesis (influencing pH in headwaters) and water temperature were at a maximum. The role of iron photoreduction (increased midday production of ferrous iron) on overall Cu, Mn, and Zn transport was also evaluated, but found to be inconclusive. Iron photoreduction may however influence adsorption and/or coprecipitation of trace metals through associated changes in oxidation state, solubility, and mineralogy of various iron colloids, which are produced upon the neutralization of acidic, metal enriched water. Furthermore, measured values of copper and zinc were compared to relative USEPA chronic criterion for exposure to continuous concentration (CCC) of metals by the calculation of a “toxicity unit” (TU). It was found that average values of both copper and zinc only exceeded the CCC (TU>1) in the acid mine-impacted Leona Creek. In general, zinc toxicity decreased while copper toxicity increased downstream of the confluence of the mine impacted Leona Creek and background Lion Creek (sampled at Lake Aliso), indicating a significant source of zinc in upstream, non mine-impacted samples.     

Acute toxicity of copper oxide nanoparticles to Daphnia magna under different test conditions

The acute toxicity of monodispersed 6 nm and <100 nm poly-dispersed copper oxide nanoparticles toward Daphnia magna was assessed using 48 h immobilization tests. CuSO₄ was used as a reference. Four different exposure conditions were tested, to study whether the toxicity of the nanoparticle suspensions changed in a way similar to what is known for dissolved Cu: first in ISO standard test conditions (pH 7.8), second with slight acidity (pH 6.5), third in the presence of citric acid, and fourth in the presence of humic acid. For all four exposure conditions, the toxicity of Cu employed in the three forms followed the same sequence, i.e., CuSO₄ > monodispersed 6 nm CuO ? poly-dispersed CuO. The toxicity of all Cu forms decreased from pH 6.5, ? pH 7.8, > pH 7.8 + citric acid, to ? pH 7.8 + humic acid. This pattern is in agreement with concentrations of Cu²⁺ calculated using the equilibrium model MINTEQ. These findings show that the acute toxicity of copper oxide nanoparticles is governed by test water composition and the chemical species Cu²⁺.     

土壤中铜和镍的植物毒性预测模型的种间外推验证

在基于物种敏感性分布法推导土壤金属生态阈值过程中,利用毒性预测模型对来源于不同土壤的毒理学数据进行归一化处理可消除土壤性质差异的影响,但目前建立的毒性预测模型仅限于少数物种。本研究通过比较土壤中小白菜、西红柿和大麦的铜和镍的毒性预测模型应用于其他高等植物的预测效果,以及归一化前后各物种毒性阈值的种内变异程度,考察了土壤中铜和镍的植物毒性预测模型种间外推的可行性和适用范围,解决了铜和镍土壤生态阈值导出过程中的方法学问题。土壤中镍对小白菜的毒性预测模型能较好地预测芥菜和青椒的镍毒性阈值,利用该模型对芥菜和青椒在不同土壤中的镍毒性阈值进行归一化后亦能显著降低其种内变异,其种内变异系数分别从1.18和1.25降至0.31和0.06;但将镍对小白菜、西红柿和大麦的毒性预测模型应用于莴笋和莴苣的毒性阈值预测时,在pH<6.0的酸性土壤中其预测值均小于实测值,其实测值与预测值的比值在3.2到6.8之间。对小麦、黄瓜和青椒的铜毒性阈值而言,小白菜模型预测效果优于西红柿和大麦模型。利用西红柿模型归一化黄瓜铜毒性阈值,其毒性阈值的种内变异系数从0.83降至0.14。大麦的铜毒性预测模型能较准确地预测水稻、洋葱、芥菜、包菜和萝卜的毒性阈值,且这5个物种的铜毒性阈值经大麦模型归一化后其种内变异均显著降低。本研究结果可为土壤中铜和镍的植物毒性预测模型的种间外推提供科学依据。     

Effects of copper (I) oxide on growth and biochemical compositions of two marine microalgae

In copper based antifouling (AF) paints Cu (I) oxide was largely used as booster biocide. In this study effect of Cu (I) oxide on two marine microalgae, Tetraselmis suecica and Dunaliella tertiolecta was demonstrated. EC50 (96 hr) concentrations estimated for T. suecica and D. tertiolecta were 1.3 mg l(-1) and 1.34 mg l(-1), respectively. Copper (I) oxide induced changes in growth, chlorophyll, carbohydrate and protein contents were observed in T. suecica and D. tertiolecta. At low concentration of 0.0625 mg l(-1), 3-26% and 1-16% growth stimulation was observed in T. suecica and T. tertiolecta respectively. Increasing Cu (I) oxide concentrations proportionately decreased the carbohydrate and protein contents. This study clearly indicates the toxicity of excessive Cu (I) oxide on growth and biochemical compositions of T. suecica and D. tertiolecta.     

Carbaryl-induced alterations in biochemical metabolism of the prawn,Macrobrachium malcolmsonii

The present study was performed to investigate the toxic impact of carbaryl on biochemical metabolism in the hemolymph, brain, hepatopancreas, gills and muscle of intermoult juveniles of the economically important prawn, Macrobrachium malcolmsonii. The concentration of glutathione S-transferase (GST) was found to be higher in test prawns when compared with controls. This suggests that a mechanism of detoxification was in operation to neutralise carbaryl toxicity. However, the toxic effect of carbaryl was not fully neutralised, and hence, alterations were recorded in basic biochemical metabolism of test prawns. The concentration of acetylcholinestrase (AchE) was found to be lower in test prawns than that of controls. Carbaryl toxicity resulted in utilisation of major biochemical constituents, such as total carbohydrate, glycogen, protein and lipid to generate required energy as an attempt to withstand the toxic stress. Glycogenolysis resulted in elevation of total free sugar level in the hemolymph of test prawns. While proteolysis led to elevation of total free amino acid level in test prawns. The content of total lipid have also been found lower in test prawns than that of controls. This suggests that carbaryl toxicity resulted in severe energy crises in test prawns. In the present study, toxic effects of carbaryl impair basic metabolic functions and hence pose a threat to the life of M. malcolmsonii.     

大田软海绵酸对黑鲷胚胎发育及仔鱼的急性毒性

为了研究大田软海绵酸(okadaic acid,OA)对生物胚胎组织发育过程的毒性作用机制,采用静水和半静水实验法,用OA毒素与过滤海水按等对数间距分设5个浓度组,同时以过滤海水为对照组,对人工养殖的黑鲷鱼卵和仔鱼进行了毒性实验。实验结果表明:一定浓度的OA使鱼卵的死亡率和孵出仔鱼的畸形率升高,但对孵化率的影响较弱。OA对黑鲷仔鱼的24、48、72和96h的LC50分别为51.63、45.58、37.97和25.72nmol·L-1,仔鱼体内毒性蓄积程度也随时间逐渐减弱。OA毒素对仔鱼的谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)和酸性磷酸酶(ACP)的活性均有诱导作用,与对ACP的影响相比,OA毒素对GSH-PX活性的诱导作用更为突出。此外,OA毒素还会对黑鲷仔鱼的肝脏细胞的核酸代谢及DNA合成有一定的影响,使得RNA和DNA的含量比值发生显著变化。     

溶解性有机碳的主要组成对青鳉鱼铜急性毒性的影响

为揭示溶解性有机碳(DOC)的组成对生物配体模型(BLM)预测铜的生物毒性准确性的影响,研究了不同浓度黄腐酸(FA)、腐殖酸(HA)和两者不同浓度比例混合物影响铜对青鳉急性毒性。结果表明:在相同水质条件下,黄腐酸或腐殖酸浓度增加时,铜对青鳉的LC50均增加;两者共存时,当腐殖酸质量百分比从10%增至90%时,铜对青鳉的LC50也增加。当天然水中DOC的组成不确定时,可假设HA和FA的组成比例为1∶1,此时BLM预测铜对青鳉的LC50的偏差最小。     

Heavy metals,occurrence and toxicity for plants: a review

Metal contamination issues are becoming increasingly common in India and elsewhere, with many documented cases of metal toxicity in mining industries, foundries, smelters, coal-burning power plants and agriculture. Heavy metals, such as cadmium, copper, lead, chromium and mercury are major environmental pollutants, particularly in areas with high anthropogenic pressure. Heavy metal accumulation in soils is of concern in agricultural production due to the adverse effects on food safety and marketability, crop growth due to phytotoxicity, and environmental health of soil organisms. The influence of plants and their metabolic activities affects the geological and biological redistribution of heavy metals through pollution of the air, water and soil. This article details the range of heavy metals, their occurrence and toxicity for plants. Metal toxicity has high impact and relevance to plants and consequently it affects the ecosystem, where the plants form an integral component. Plants growing in metal-polluted sites exhibit altered metabolism, growth reduction, lower biomass production and metal accumulation. Various physiological and biochemical processes in plants are affected by metals. The contemporary investigations into toxicity and tolerance in metal-stressed plants are prompted by the growing metal pollution in the environment. A few metals, including copper, manganese, cobalt, zinc and chromium are, however, essential to plant metabolism in trace amounts. It is only when metals are present in bioavailable forms and at excessive levels, they have the potential to become toxic to plants. This review focuses mainly on zinc, cadmium, copper, mercury, chromium, lead, arsenic, cobalt, nickel, manganese and iron.     

植物铜素毒害及其抗性机制研究进展

Cu是植物生命活动必需的微量矿质元素，广泛参与各种生命活动；但过量Cu胁迫将诱导植物细胞产生大量活性氧，引起膜脂过氧化，膜透性增大，细胞内容物大量外渗，甚至发生细胞死亡。Cu^2 扩散到细胞核内会诱发DNA之间、蛋白质之间以及DNA和蛋白质之间发生分子内和分子间交联，DNA链的断裂、重排和脱嘌呤作用等前诱变损伤以及DNA期外合成、DNA甲基化异常等遗传毒害。植物细胞在长期进化过程中形成了各种抗Cu素毒害机制，如细胞壁的固着作用、质膜的限制作用、有机小分子(有机酸、植物螯合肽、金属硫蛋白)螯合作用等。文章综述了有关研究的最新进展。     

络合态金属铜在大型水蚤(Daphnia magna)体内的生物积累及生物毒性

以人工稀释水作为背景水样,通过实验室暴露和化学平衡软件的辅助分析,研究了4种有机络合剂(草酸、酒石酸、EDTA和腐殖酸)对大型水蚤(Daphniamagna)体内铜的生物积累(BBD)以及生物毒性的影响.结果表明,有机络合剂的存在降低了大型水蚤体内生物积累量和金属硫蛋白(MT)含量,明显降低了水体中金属Cu的毒性,4种不同有机络合剂所产生的效果大体相同;有机络合态的铜也能为大型水蚤所吸收和利用,在相同浓度条件下大型水蚤对腐殖酸络合态铜的利用大于EDTA络合态铜.     

铜对水生生物的毒性:类群特异性敏感度分析

铜的毒性因受多种环境因素(如温度、pH等)的影响,其水质基准和标准经历过多次修改。由于不同区系生物受生活环境等因素的影响,不同物种对铜的耐受性和敏感度上存在很大的差异。本文通过构建类群特异性敏感度分布,以及对10%安全浓度值(10%hazardous concentration,HC_(10))及其95%置信区间(95%confidence interval,95%CI)的比较,分析了铜对淡水和海水各类群的敏感度差异,以期为我国在制定相关水质基准的物种选择上提供参考。结果显示,淡水系统中藻类为对铜毒性最敏感类群,其次为甲壳类,软体动物类,鱼类,寡毛类,而昆虫类为对铜的最耐受类群。海水各类群对铜的敏感度顺序与淡水类似,只是在寡毛类和鱼类顺序上有所不同。相对于海洋物种,淡水水体生物总体上比海水中各相应类群生物对铜更为敏感。     

Toxicity assessment of heavy metals with Nostoc muscorum L

Heavy metals in aquatic ecosystem (Mn, Ni, Zn, Cu) were tested for their toxicity against Nostoc muscorum L., a common fresh water phytoplankton, with respect to chlorophyll, protein, total carbohydrate and starch contents along with growth (OD). Mn showed stimulatory effect up to 1.5 ppm for all the observed parameters. However, Ni, Zn and Cu (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5 ppm) showed adverse effects even at 0.1 ppm. Chlorophyll was most sensitive parameter followed by carbohydrate, protein and starch. Ni was most toxic to N. muscorum followed by Cu and Zn. The IC50 for Ni was 0.1 ppm for growth, chlorophyll and protein, while total carbohydrate and starch showed IC50 at 0.3 and 0.4 ppm, respectively. The IC50 for Cu was recorded at 0.2 ppm for all the parameters. Zn showed IC50 at 0.3 ppm for growth, chlorophyll, protein and starch at 0.4 ppm for carbohydrate. This study can be applied as bioassay using cyanobacteria for toxicity assessment of various industrial wastes in aquatic ecosystem.     

城市污泥中铜锌的化学形态及其去除

利用连续提取法研究了城市污泥中铜和锌的化学形态,结果表明:污泥中铜和锌都以稳定性较好的硫化物及有机结合物、残渣态形式存在,生物毒性较小,通过适当处理后可以安全加以利用;在此基础上,研究了利用乙酸和双氧水去除污泥中铜和锌的适宜工艺条件,结果表明:在室温条件下,在pH值为4的环境中,利用添加H_2O_2的浓度为2mol/L的乙酸溶液,反应时间为4h,就可以将污泥中超过95%以上的铜和锌淋滤去除。     

陆地生物配体模型（t-BLM）初探：镁离子降低铜离子对小麦根的毒性

生物配体模型(BLM)同时考虑了水中金属离子的化学形态以及阳离子与金属离子在生物配体(BL)上的竞争对其毒性的影响,能成功预测水体金属的生物毒性/有效性.最近,BLM呈现出向土壤环境中拓展的趋势,发展能预测重金属对土壤生物毒性的陆地生物配体模型(t-BLM)正成为最新的国际研究热点.论文模拟土壤溶液,以土壤溶液中的主要阳离子Mg2+为例,通过单因素浓度控制-恒pH营养液培养-陆生植物根伸长抑制试验,定量探讨了不同浓度Mg2+存在下,铜离子(Cu2+)对小麦(Triticum aestivum)根的毒性.结果表明,Mg2+浓度升高显著减弱了Cu2+对小麦根的毒性,即呈现出保护效应.证实陆地生态系统中也存在阳离子对重金属植物毒性的保护效应,支持了BLM中阳离子和重金属离子在生物配体上存在竞争结合的假设,即BLM概念适用于陆生植物.定量分析表明,小麦根生长抑制的毒性效应指标EC50(以自由铜离子活度表示)与自由镁离子活度间存在良好的相关性,线性回归方程为:pEC50(Cu2+)=-0.36(Mg2+)+6.47(r2=0.9976),Mg2+对Cu2+毒性的影响强度可以通过该方程进行预测.论文积累了重金属铜对典型陆生受试植物小麦的毒性数据,探讨了t-BLM的构建方法学,并为其发展提供了思路.联合了土壤理化性质、金属形态及生物积累和毒性效应的t-BLM,将提供一个环境风险评价和制定土壤质量标准的新工具.     

铜对小麦氮素代谢的影响

铜对小麦氮素代谢的影响李延（浙江农业大学土化系，杭州３１００２９）黄毅斌（福建农科院土肥所，福州３５００１３）秦遂初（浙江农业大学土化系，杭州３１００２９）铜在１９３１年由Ａ．Ｓｏｍｍｅｒ证实为植物生长的必需元素。近年来，随着生产集约化程度的提高和耕...     

铜与草甘膦复合污染对小麦种子发芽与根伸长的抑制作用

污染物的交互作用及其生态毒理效应已成为环境科学研究的重要方向.论文以小麦种子为供试作物,研究了重金属铜(Cu2+)与除草剂草甘膦复合污染对其发芽率以及发芽后的根长、芽长的影响,以表征Cu与草甘膦复合污染的生态毒性.研究结果表明,在实验浓度下,Cu2+单一污染对小麦发芽率没有明显的影响,对根伸长和芽长的抑制显著;而草甘膦单一污染对小麦发芽、根伸长和芽长均有明显的抑制效应.当Cu2+与草甘膦复合污染时,Cu2+的存在在一定程度上减弱了草甘膦对小麦发芽及芽长的抑制作用;而在根伸长实验中,在低草甘膦浓度条件下,Cu2+的存在在一定程度上增加了草甘膦对根伸长的抑制作用;在较高草甘膦浓度条件下,Cu2+的存在则降低了草甘膦对根伸长的抑制作用.Cu2+的存在减轻草甘膦对小麦毒性的可能原因是:草甘膦与Cu2+络合形成了毒性较小的稳定络合物,使草甘膦毒性降低或失去活性.