川牛膝及其混淆品的抗炎作用比较

比较4种不同产地的川牛膝及其3种混淆品的抗炎药理作用.采用二甲苯致小鼠耳肿胀和蛋清致大鼠足肿胀炎症模淹,研究川牛膝及其混淆品的抗炎作用.结果显示,板桥、宝兴川牛膝和川牛膝的3种混淆品可减轻二甲苯致小鼠耳肿胀程度和蛋清致大鼠足肿胀程度,且具有明显的量效关系;金口河川牛膝剂量为10g/ks时,可减轻蛋清致大鼠足肿胀程度,表明板桥、宝兴和金口河产川牛膝具有一定的抗炎作用,奉节川牛膝未见有抗炎作用;麻牛膝和“红牛膝”具有明显的抗炎作用.     

红阳猕猴桃果提取物对小鼠免疫功能的影响

探讨了红阳猕猴桃果提取物对小鼠免疫功能的影响,采用冷冻干燥法制备红阳猕猴桃果提取物,观察其对小鼠碳粒廓清功能和环磷酰胺致免疫低下小鼠迟发型皮肤过敏反应的影响.结果表明,红阳猕猴桃果提取物高剂量灌胃可提高小鼠对碳粒的廓清指数和校正吞噬指数,可提高免疫低下小鼠的胸腺指数,增加耳肿胀程度.红阳猕猴桃果提取物对正常机体的非特异性免疫具有一定的促进作用,在一定程度上改善由环磷酰胺导致的免疫抑制,提高机体的特异性免疫功能.     

菝葜乙醇提取物的抑菌作用

用不同浓度的菝葜乙醇提取物对4种细菌、1种酵母菌和1种霉菌进行抑菌实验。结果表明:菝葜乙醇提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌、苏云金芽孢杆菌、大肠杆菌和枯草芽孢杆菌的最低抑菌浓度分别为0 14、0 18、0 46和0 44(g/12ml培养基),菝葜乙醇提取物对产黄青霉和啤酒酵母的生长无明显抑制作用。研究结果对进一步综合开发利用菝葜植物资源具有重要意义。     

葎草及生姜对细菌性腹泻的抑菌研究

通过利用农村治病的偏方,探究葎草、生姜和葎草生姜药对引起细菌性腹泻常见的细菌性大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的抑制作用,采用滤纸片法和小鼠腹泻模型来确定抑菌效果与最低抑菌浓度(MIC).实验结果表明,葎草、生姜有一定的抑菌效果,葎草生姜药的抑菌效果较好.该实验结果可为治疗细菌性腹泻提供指导,有一定的实际意义.     

富硒甘蓝的降糖功效研究

糖尿病是一种氧化失调症状,患者血浆中抗氧化剂如VC、VE和硒的水平比对照低.硒作为多种抗氧化酶的活性中心,能降低氧化胁迫对身体的损伤.研究了富硒甘蓝对糖尿病小鼠的降糖功效.结果表明,经过富硒甘蓝汁灌胃后的糖尿病小鼠血糖显著降低,耐糖量改善.同时,富硒小鼠的T-AOC、SOD、GSH-Px活性明显高于对照组,而MDA明显降低,提示硒可在一定程度上改善糖尿病小鼠的糖代谢紊乱.甘蓝中的有机硒主要以甲基硒半胱氨酸形式存在,是一种安全的食源性补硒形式.     

酸性条件下厌氧颗粒污泥活性抑制与恢复试验研究

取食品生产废水处理中试工程运行中现有的厌氧颗粒污泥进行活性抑制与恢复试验。通过慢性致毒与急性致毒作用的对比,分析酸性条件对颗粒污泥的抑制作用,研究颗粒污泥的耐酸性,并考察污泥活性恢复方法。结果表明:当进水pH=6.5,颗粒污泥活性受到轻微抑制,不影响系统的稳定运行;当pH值下降至4.5时,COD去除率和产甲烷量均趋于零。同时使用调节进水pH值、降低进水有机负荷、提高进水碱度以及调整水力停留时间等4种方法能有效恢复污泥活性,活性达到抑制前的80%左右。     

83—1除草剂和速杀威杀虫剂的小鼠耳肿致敏试验

本文采用较新的致敏性检测方法小鼠耳肿实验对８３—１除草剂和纯中药杀虫剂速杀威进行了检测。实验共设６个组，包括：速杀威原液，１０％速杀威，０．１６％８３—１，０．３２％８３—１及阴性和阳性对照组。结果显示４个受试物组在致敏后２４小时和４８小时均未观察到致敏作用，说明该受试物在此条件下不具致敏性，同时也验证了小鼠耳肿试验用于有色受试物检测致敏性的优越性。     

碱度、氨氮负荷和COD对独立硝化的影响

用自制好氧装置进行硝化试验,考察碱度、氨氮负荷和COD对以硝化菌群为优势菌群的独立硝化的影响。试验结果表明：污水的碱度太低引起pH下降将导致硝化反应不能进行甚至停止;氨氮负荷影响硝化速率,氨氮浓度低将使硝化菌受底物限制影响硝化速率,氨氮浓度过高则对硝化菌有毒害作用;污水的COD对硝化菌在一定程度上产生抑制作用,COD越高抑制作用时间越长。     

中草药提取物对致病弧菌抑菌活性的筛选

为了寻找高效植物源杀菌剂,实验采用平板扩散法研究了8种中草药醇提物对致鱼病菌的体外抑菌试验。通过双倍试管稀释法,测定了最小抑菌浓度(MIC)和最低杀菌浓度(MBC)。结果显示,这8种中草药醇提物对致病弧菌均有不同程度的抑制作用,其中以臭椿和盐肤木醇提物对所有供试菌均有较高的抑制活性,臭椿醇提物对病菌的MIC均在7.81mg/mL以下,表明中草药杀菌剂具有较高的开发价值和应用前景。     

微生物对生化需氧量测定结果的影响

水中有机物性质及微生物活性是影响生化反应的关键因素。在水质条件一定的情况下,探讨不同接种液带来的微生物差异对生化需氧量(BOD)的影响。测定了空白样、废水驯化接种液、河流污水接种液、土壤浸出液接种液4组样品,实验结果显示3种不同接种液接种同种稀释水,测得BOD_5的差距较大,而同一种接种液所测得的BOD_5差距非常小;测定了空白样、河流污水接种液、土壤浸出液接种液BOD_5,结果表明河流污水的微生物比土壤浸出液的微生物更具有可生化性。     

菝葜根茎中黄酮类化合物的提取与含量测定

对菝葜植物根茎中黄酮类成分进行了定量测定和定性分析.结果表明,在菝葜植物根茎中含有黄酮、黄酮醇、二氢黄酮、二氢黄酮醇等多种黄酮类化合物.以芦丁为标准品,用分光光度法测得菝葜根茎中总黄酮含量为3.36%.     

中美贸易模式变化对中国大气汞排放的影响

在全球贸易体系中,美国是中国大气汞排放的主要外部消费驱动力之一。现有研究多核算国际贸易驱动的大气汞排放,识别主要的贸易驱动关系,缺乏中美贸易模式变化对中国大气汞排放的影响分析。本文基于环境扩展型投入产出模型和结构分解分析方法,计算了1997—2017年中美贸易驱动的中国大气汞排放量,并深入分析了贸易相关的社会经济因素对中国大气汞排放变化的相对贡献。研究结果表明:1997—2007年,中美贸易驱动的中国大气汞排放从13.5 t增至32.8 t,2007年后开始回落,2017年回落至13.6 t。贸易规模扩大是推动大气汞排放增加的最主要因素(62.6 t),排放强度降低是大气汞排放减少的最大驱动因素(-67.0 t)。生产技术水平变化和贸易结构变化的贡献相对较小,近年来逐渐起到促进大气汞排放减少的作用,但其贡献不稳定。根据研究结果,提出了加快产业创新升级,优化、稳定贸易结构,提升产品竞争力等建议。     

Major Energy Plants and Their Potential for Bioenergy Development in China

China is rich in energy plant resources. In this article, 64 plant species are identified as potential energy plants in China. The energy plant species include 38 oilseed crops, 5 starch-producing crops, 3 sugar-producing crops and 18 species for lignocellulosic biomass. The species were evaluated on the basis of their production capacity and their resistance to salt, drought, and/or low temperature stress. Ten plant species have high production and/or stress resistance and can be potentially developed as the candidate energy plants. Of these, four species could be the primary energy plants in China: Barbados nut (Jatropha curcas L.), Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.), sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) and Chinese silvergrass (Miscanthus sinensis Anderss.). We discuss the use of biotechnological techniques such as genome sequencing, molecular markers, and genetic transformation to improve energy plants. These techniques are being used to develop new cultivars and to analyze and manipulate genetic variation to improve attributes of energy plants in China.     

Control strategies for biohydrogen production by immobilized co-culture of Clostridium butyricum and Rhodopseudomonas palustris

In this study, we evaluated biohydrogen production of Clostridium butyricum and Rhodopseudomonas palustris by immobilized co-culture. Effects of free cells and immobilized cells, immobilized biomass ratio, sucrose concentration, and initial pH on hydrogen production were investigated. The immobilized co-culture can achieve high cumulative hydrogen volume yield (604 mL) as compared to free co-culture cumulative hydrogen volume (513 mL) while the initial sucrose concentration was 17.8 g/L. The optimum C. butyricum/R. palustris ratio was 1:10, yielding the highest cumulative hydrogen (728 mL). High sucrose concentration (above 35.6 g/L) would inhibit hydrogen production. The optimal initial pH value for hydrogen production of immobilized co-culture was 7.0 (cumulative hydrogen volume 830 mL).     

Interactions between chromium and sulfur metabolism in Brassica juncea

The effects of chromate on sulfate uptake and assimilation were investigated in the accumulator Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. Seven-day-old plants were grown for 2 d under the following combination of sulfate and chromate concentration: (i) no sulfate and no chromate (-S), (ii) no sulfate and 0.2 mmol L(-1) chromate (-S +Cr), (iii) 1 mmol L(-1) sulfate and no chromate (+S), or (iv) 1 mmol L(-1) sulfate and 0.2 mmol L(-1) chromate (+S +Cr). Despite the toxic effects exerted by chromate as indicated by altered level of reducing sugars and proteins in leaves, the growth of B. juncea was only weakly reduced by chromate, and no variation in chlorophyll a and b was measured, regardless of S availability. Chromium (Cr) was stored more in roots than in leaves, and the maximum Cr accumulation was measured in -S +Cr plants. The significant decrease of the sulfate uptake rates observed in Cr-treated plants was accompanied by a repression of the root low-affinity sulfate transporter (BjST1), suggesting that the transport of chromate in B. juncea may involve sulfate carriers. Once absorbed, chromate induced genes involved in sulfate assimilation (ATP-sulfurylase: atps6; APS-reductase: apsr2; Glutathione synthethase: gsh2) and accumulation of cysteine and glutathione, which may suggest that these reduced S compounds play a role in Cr tolerance. Together, our findings indicate that when phytoremediation technologies are used to recover Cr-contaminated areas, the concentration of sulfate in the plant growth medium must be considered because it may influence the ability of plants to accumulate and tolerate Cr.     

红阳猕猴桃和葛根配方的解酒保肝与抗氧化作用研究

研究红阳猕猴桃、葛根及其配方组合物的解酒保肝与抗氧化作用。采用乙醇所致小鼠自主活动减少和小鼠共济失调实验评价解酒作用;采用小鼠酒精性肝损伤模型评价保肝作用,采用ELISA测定大鼠尿液中8-羟基脱氧鸟苷酸（8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine,8-OHdG）和乙酰—赖氨酸加合物（hexanoyl-lysine adduct,HEL）,以了解配方组合物对DNA过氧化和脂质过氧化的影响。结果表明,红阳猕猴桃—葛根配方可减轻酒精所致小鼠行为抑制和共济失调,提示具有解酒作用;对酒精所致小鼠肝脏MDA、TG水平升高和GSH水平降低有明显改善,提示具有保护化学性肝损伤作用;降低正常和酒精损伤大鼠尿液中过氧化生物标志物水平,提示具有较好的抗氧化作用。红阳猕猴桃—葛根配方具有快速解酒作用,且可持续2—4h;对酒精性肝损伤有一定的保护作用,其机制与抗氧化有关。     

保氮增效剂调节氮肥施用量和利用率研究——Ⅰ.保氮增效剂在玉米生产中的应用效果

田间试验和示范表明,在玉米作物生产中施用兼具多元素复合和氮肥加价作用的保氮增效剂,可显著地改善植株性状,促果穗增长增粗,使秃尖率下降、穗粒数和百粒重增加。保氮增效剂用量为玉米施氮肥量的2.92%～4.99%,玉米增产51.5～68.4kg/亩。肥料报酬提高2.2～2.6倍,增收经济效益达34.1～44.7元/亩。     

Simulated effects of crop rotations and residue management on wind erosion in Wuchuan,west-central Inner Mongolia,China

For decades, wind erosion has triggered dust and sand storms, buffeting Beijing and areas of northwestern China to the point of being hazardous to human health while rapidly eroding crop and livestock productivity. The EPIC (Environmental Policy Integrated Climate) field-scale simulation model was used to assess long-term effects of improved crop rotations and crop residue management practices on wind erosion in Wuchuan County in Inner Mongolia. Simulation results indicate that preserving crop stalks until land is prepared by zone tillage for the next year's crop in lieu of using them as a source of heating fuel or livestock fodder significantly reduces wind erosion by 60%. At the same time, grain and potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) yields were maintained or improved. Significant reductions in erosion, 35 to 46%, also resulted from delaying stalk removal until late January through late April. Yearly wind erosion was concentrated in April and May, the windiest months. Additionally, the use of alternative crop rotations resulted in differences in wind erosion, largely due to a difference in residue stature and quality and differences in biomass produced. As a result, altering current crop rotation systems by expanding corn (Zea mays L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and millet [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] and reducing potato and pea (Pisum sativum L.) production significantly reduced simulated wind erosion, thus diminishing the severity of dust and sand storms in northwestern China. Saving and protecting topsoil over time will sustain land productivity and have long-term implications for improving conditions of rural poverty in the region.     

Investigation and proposal for reuse of effluents from beneficiated bentonite products

This work is intended to show the characterization of three effluents (X, Y, and Z) derived from laboratory analyses conducted in the quality control department of a beneficiated bentonite products factory in order to present alternatives for their treatment and final disposal according to Brazil's National Solid Waste Policy (Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos – PNRS, Law 12,305/2010, Brazil). Analyses to identify the characteristics of the effluents revealed that the pH, salinity, electroconductivity, and total dissolved solids were in agreement with the organic and mineral nature of the effluent constituents: solvent, clay minerals, water, and activating agent. To assess reuse proposals, the effluents were subjected to the following tests: (a) swelling characteristic with effluent X, (b) petrochemical characterization of Y, and (c) swelling characteristic using commercial solvent and activated clay produced with effluent Z. Preliminary results indicate that each of these effluents can be reused variously in the laboratory, as a fuel, or in the original analysis/process.