餐厨垃圾中温干式厌氧消化污泥的流变特性研究

以半连续式和序批式餐厨垃圾厌氧消化产生的污泥为研究对象,考察温度(T)、含固率(TS)和剪切速率(γ)对消化污泥流变性的影响.使用旋转粘度计测定污泥动力粘度,测定时温度范围20~70℃,消化污泥TS分别为21.41%~29.54%(半连续式)、12.09%~22.48%(序批式).试验结果表明:污泥流动性随温度升高而增强,随温度降低而减弱,且温度变化会对污泥流变性造成不可逆的影响;同一剪切速率下,污泥的动力粘度随TS含量增高而变大;粘度曲线说明厌氧消化污泥为非牛顿流体,具有剪切变稀的特点;通过剪切应力的上升曲线和下降曲线可判断厌氧消化污泥为时间相关性流体,动力粘度-时间曲线进一步说明污泥为触变性流体;TS12%时,有必要设置搅拌系统,剪切速率控制在10.4~20.9 s-1较为合适;污泥的TS含量越高,温度、TS和剪切对流变性的影响越明显.试验可为厌氧消化反应器的搅拌系统和热交换系统设计提供一定的基础数据.     

低温热水解处理对污泥流变特性的影响

流变特性对污泥处理至关重要,广泛应用于厌氧消化反应器、泵送运输、热交换器及污泥脱水等的设计。系统研究了低温热水解预处理对污泥流变特性的影响,结果表明:热水解过程中COD增溶与热历时呈对数关系。热水解48h后污泥的流变曲线均符合Power law模型,流动性显著增强。低剪切速率范围内热水解污泥的黏度较原污泥有所降低,但在高剪切速率范围内黏度却略有增加。热水解后污泥极限黏度的增大与s COD(溶解性化学需氧量)的释放呈线性关系,表明污泥流变有望成为评价热水解效率的新工具。热处理造成的污泥极限黏度、流变指数(n)的增大及稠度系数(k)的降低与温度均呈直线关系。当热水解温度为80℃时,n值增大、k值降低与热历时均呈良好的对数关系。     

零价铁对厌氧消化过程中氨氮抑制解除的影响

氨氮抑制是影响高含固有机固体废弃物厌氧消化产甲烷效率的重要因素.本研究通过实验室批量实验,考察了微米级零价铁对剩余污泥、热水解污泥厌氧消化的影响以及对高氨氮抑制解除的影响.结果表明,投加4 g·L~(-1)和10 g·L~(-1)零价铁对剩余污泥、热水解污泥厌氧消化过程中的产甲烷速率、迟滞时间和产甲烷潜势等动力学特征均未有影响.但是,在高氨氮抑制的厌氧消化过程中, 4 g·L~(-1)和10 g·L~(-1)的零价铁投加可使厌氧消化受氨氮抑制的产甲烷迟滞时间由对照组的18.61 d分别缩短为17.22 d和16.18 d,最大产甲烷速率(以VS计)由对照组的6.34 mL·(d·g)~(-1)提升为7.84 mL·(d·g)~(-1)和7.39 mL·(d·g)~(-1).零价铁并未通过化学反应对厌氧消化的pH缓冲体系产生直接影响,而是使氨氮抑制后的产甲烷优势古菌Methanosarcina的相对丰度(27 d)由对照组的30.71%提升到53.50%和60.30%.本研究证明了零价铁并不能提升污泥产甲烷潜势,而只是在受抑制影响的厌氧消化过程中,刺激产甲烷微生物的代谢活性,强化如氨氮抑制影响的快速解除.     

污泥碱解和超声破解预处理的效果研究

为提高污水厂污泥的厌氧消化速率,采用多频率多功率槽式超声发生器,研究了超声波、碱解、以及两者的组合作用对污泥破解预处理效果的影响.结果表明,碱和超声波的组合预处理方式,对污泥溶解性COD的释放效果和VSS减少效果明显优于单独的超声波和单独的碱处理.单独超声预处理,污泥VSS的最大减少率为15.98%;单独碱解(NaOH/TS=0.04)时为22.12%;先碱解(NaOH/TS:0.04,24 h),再超声(60 min)以及碱(NaOH/TS=0.04)和超声(60 min)同时作用的预处理方式,可将污泥VSS减少率分别提高到51.45%和54.45%.破解作用引起污泥的水解分为快速水解和缓慢水解2个阶段,对快速水解阶段进行动力学分析可知,同时采用碱和超声的预处理方式不但可以获得最高的水解速率,而且降低了碱的投加量,缩短了超声破解的时间.     

碱辅助条件下的污泥微波热水解特性研究

向污泥中加入NaOH进行微波热水解实验.结果表明,每1 g污泥悬浮固体(SS)添加NaOH 0.1 g时,污泥中的挥发性悬浮固体(VSS)快速水解,170℃的VSS溶解率达到60%以上,热水解后污泥的有机物含量(VSS/SS)降低至25%.80、120、150和170℃热水解5 min的污泥液相COD浓度分别为9.8、12.8、15.1和14.5 g/L,相应SCOD/TCOD为24.0%、31.3%、36.9%和35.6%.随温度的升高和时间的延长热水解污泥pH越低,最低值10.5.在每1 g SS添加0~0.2g NaOH的范围内,当添加量0.05 g时,VSS和SS的溶解率增加幅度降低.分别对NaOH添加量0.05 g热水解5 min和添加量0.1 g热水解1 min的污泥进行BMP厌氧消化实验.结果表明,添加量为0.05 g时热水解污泥的厌氧消化性能提高,经150℃处理污泥的产气量最大,比未处理污泥高28.5%,而在添加量为0.1 g时,污泥的厌氧消化性能受到抑制,产气量低于未处理污泥.     

农村污水处理强化ABR污泥流变及微生物种群特性研究

研究了强化厌氧折流板反应器（强化ABR）在稳定运行期对农村污水的处理效果以及反应器不同格室内污泥的表观形态、流变及微生物种群特性.结果表明：强化ABR对进水COD的平均去除率达81.05%,其中第1、2格室对进水COD去除起主要作用.反应器不同格室内污泥表观形态存在一定差异,第1、2格室污泥表面微生物以球菌和杆菌为主,第3、4格室则以丝状菌为主;不同格室内污泥剪切应力随剪切速率呈指数增加趋势,而黏度则随着剪切速率的增加而减小,且逐渐趋近一定值.反应器不同格室内的优势细菌以水解、酸化菌为主,而优势古细菌以乙酸型产甲烷菌和氢营养型产甲烷菌为主,优势细菌和古细菌在不同格室内的分布均存在一定差异.研究结果可为强化ABR在农村污水处理中的应用提供科学依据.     

污泥厌氧消化系统消化原料流变特性研究

考察了4种污泥厌氧消化原料的流变特性,研究了原料浓度、温度以及添加餐厨垃圾等因素对污泥流变特性的影响,以期为厌氧消化工艺的设计及设备选用提供基础参数.试验结果表明,脱水污泥、脱水污泥与餐厨垃圾混合物、剩余污泥、剩余污泥与餐厨垃圾混合物4种原料均为假塑性流体,且符合幂律方程.随消化原料固体浓度由1%增至10%,原料黏度升高.剩余污泥和剩余污泥与餐厨垃圾混合物在TS=3%时流变指数最大,而脱水污泥和脱水污泥与餐厨垃圾混合物在TS=5%时流变指数最大.添加餐厨垃圾可以改善污泥的流变特性,使得混合液的流变指数较纯污泥有不同程度的升高,使其更接近牛顿流体.随着温度由15℃升高到55℃,4种原料的黏度呈线性趋势降低,流变指数则逐渐升高,其中脱水污泥的黏度对温度变化最为敏感.     

“热水解-高温厌氧消化”工艺处理高含固率剩余污泥的中试研究

采取热水解(70℃)-高温厌氧消化工艺处理高固含率(8%~9%)的剩余污泥(中试).该工艺利用SRT为3 d的热水解促进细胞溶解以及高温厌氧消化加快污泥消化速率,有机物去除能力较强,并获得了较好的污泥稳定化效果.当厌氧消化的SRT在20 d以上时,总VSS去除率达到42.22%以上,且VSS去除率与厌氧消化的SRT呈线性正相关,相关系数达到0.915 3.在实际应用中,推荐高温厌氧消化的SRT为25 d.当停留时间接近时,本工艺与运行良好的传统污泥厌氧消化工程(含固率3%~5%)以及采用德国技术的高固消化工程的有机物去除率和甲烷产率相当.     

热水解预处理剩余污泥的有机物分布及厌氧消化特性

研究了热水解后剩余污泥中有机物分布以及热水解对污泥厌氧消化效果的影响。剩余污泥经过热水解处理后,VSS含量从51. 0%降低至42. 7%,溶解性COD占总COD的比例从0. 5%提高至33. 5%;进一步厌氧消化时,总COD和VS降解率分别提高至35%和41%,甲烷产率提高至0. 25 L/g,累积甲烷产量比未热水解的污泥提高了101. 2%。脱水污泥液累积甲烷产量占热水解污泥甲烷产量的59%,是厌氧消化所产甲烷的主要来源,而脱水泥饼COD转化成甲烷的比例相对较低。根据剩余污泥热水解后液相和固相有机物的厌氧消化特性差异,提出了基于热水解的污泥厌氧消化工艺优化方案。     

超声联合低温热水解促进剩余污泥破解和厌氧消化的研究

为了探索超声和低温热水解预处理技术对剩余污泥厌氧消化性能的影响,进行了单独超声、单独热水解和二者联合的实验研究.以温度和超声能量为控制参数,研究了不同预处理技术对污泥破解度DD（Disintegration degree of SCOD）和有机质溶出的影响.结果表明：联合预处理技术对DD和有机质浓度的增加效果比超声和热水解单独作用之和分别高4.04%、36.62mg/L. DD和实际输入能量之间存在较高的线性相关性（R²=0.977）,即在本研究条件下,输入能量越高,污泥破解效果越好.超声和热水解联合预处理后污泥厌氧消化产甲烷量较原泥增加了30.2%～55.4%.DD和厌氧消化性能之间存在二次非线性关系（R²=0.821）,且厌氧消化性能最高达到877.76LCH₄/kg VSS去除,该峰值出现在超声能量12000kJ/kg TS和热水解温度80℃联合作用条件下.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.