北京市非正规垃圾填埋场垃圾成分特性

通过北京市3处典型非正规垃圾填埋场与1处正规垃圾卫生填埋场对比研究,结果表明,非正规垃圾填埋场与正规垃圾填埋场陈腐垃圾物理组成相近,但非正规垃圾填埋场有机物含量更低,同时垃圾分布不均匀;以建筑渣土为主的区域有机质含量一般低于5%;以生活垃圾为主的区域有机质含量与正规垃圾场相近,一般高于10%,内部最高温度可达42℃左右。     

The bridge between diversity and adaptivity: Answering McIntosh and Jeffrey

SUMMARY

The emerging concept of industrial ecology (IE) has been applied in practice in few case studies on local/regional industrial recycling networks. Analogously to a natural ecosystem, the aim is to develop material cycles and energy cascades between local cooperative actors. An optimal resource basis of an industrial ecosystem is the sustainable use of local renewable natural resources. In this paper, we consider the region of North Karelia in Finland, with 19 municipalities, and hence somewhat expand the system boundaries of an industrial ecosystem case study. The current situation and two scenarios of municipal heating energy production are presented. The heating system consists of individual, district and electric heating. The heat production and related greenhouse gas emissions are considered. The current fuel use is based on imported oil and regional fuels (peat, wood wastes). Also, shares for co-production of heat and electricity (CHP) are shown. In scenario one, we assume the majority of the fuel basis in oil and absence of CHP. Scenario two illustrates nearly complete dependence on regional wood wastes and firewood with the current share of CHP. The North Karelia region provides the IE theory with a fruitful case study because the supply of waste fuels and local renewables is vast and waste utilisation technologies (CHP, fluidized bed burning) constitute a significant part of energy production. Implications of the applied scenario approach are discussed in the context of regional decision making and, in particular, for its implementation with the concepts of a regional environmental management system (EMS) and a regional industrial ecosystem management system (RIEMS).     

Bioleaching metal-bearing wastes and by-products for resource recovery: a review

The global transition to a circular economy calls for research and development on technologies facilitating sustainable resource recovery from wastes and by-products. Metal-bearing materials, including electronic wastes, tailings, and metallurgical by-products, are increasingly viewed as valuable resources, with some possessing comparable or superior quality to natural ores. Bioleaching, an eco-friendly and cost-effective alternative to conventional hydrometallurgical and pyrometallurgical methods, uses microorganisms and their metabolites to extract metals from unwanted metal-bearing materials. The performance of bioleaching is influenced by pH, solid concentration, energy source, agitation rate, irrigation rate, aeration rate, and inoculum concentration. Optimizing these parameters improves yields and encourages the wider application of bioleaching. Here, we review the microbial diversity and specific mechanisms of bioleaching for metal recovery. We describe the current operations and approaches of bioleaching at various scales and summarise the influence of a broad range of operational parameters. Finally, we address the primary challenges in scaling up bioleaching applications and propose an optimisation strategy for future bioleaching research.

     

武汉市“三废”排放的库兹涅茨特征及原因探析

通过分析武汉市1985-2001年近16年的“三废”排放量变化情况，发现武汉市“三废”的排放总量在波动中呈现上升趋势，但各类排放的时间规律相差明显。建立模型，将其人均GDP与“三废”排放的标准化值进行拟合，其计算结果显示：武汉市“三废”排放与人均GDP之间存在比较明显的三次曲线特征，在1985-1994年曲线呈持续下降趋势，而1995-2001年曲线初步显现出标准的环境库兹涅茨曲线。理论计算表明：武汉市“三废”排放的环境库兹涅茨曲线的转折点为人均GDP为12338．46元左右。通过环境经济学分析发现武汉市的经济发展、产业结构变动、能源结构变动和环境政策等4项因素是武汉市出现非标准环境库兹涅茨曲线的主要原因。     

焚烧源二噁英的排放对周边土壤和植被污染的研究进展

经济的飞速发展和城市化进程的加快,带来了严重的生活垃圾负荷问题。垃圾焚烧技术因其具有减容化、无害化和资源化的优点,成为当今国际社会生活垃圾处理的主要技术之一。然而由于人们对于垃圾焚烧源可能产生的二噁英污染问题缺乏一个全面的认识,使得垃圾焚烧厂的建立遭到了民众的强烈反对,成为影响社会和谐稳定的因素;因此,需要对垃圾焚烧源二噁英的排放对周边土壤和植被的污染状况进行综述,对于解决老百姓对于垃圾焚烧二噁英污染的争议有巨大的现实意义。对近年来国内外学者在相关方面的研究进行了详细地综述,结果发现：国内已开展的研究仅限于二噁英对焚烧厂周边土壤的污染调查,而对于焚烧源二噁英对植被及农作物的污染的研究数据非常匮乏;而国外学者已开展的垃圾焚烧厂周边土壤和植被中二噁英污染的调查研究只是停留在二噁英在土壤和植被中总浓度的研究基础上,而对于不同二噁英同族物在焚烧厂附近土壤和植被中的分布特征和蓄积规律方面的研究比较缺乏,尤其是在其他污染源如废弃物的露天燃烧、交通等协同作用下,垃圾焚烧对二噁英污染贡献率的研究比较少,对于垃圾焚烧厂二噁英污染的控制没有起到直观的指导作用。本文指出今后的研究应加强对二噁英在焚烧厂周边土壤和植被中分布特征和蓄积规律研究,这对于焚烧源二噁英的污染防治以及对已被二噁英污染的土壤和植被的生态修复具有重要的意义。     

我国城市垃圾及其处理的现状、问题与对策

分析了我国城市垃圾产生和处理的现状，探讨了城市垃圾处理的主要方法及其特点，指出了当前城市垃圾处理中存在的体制、资金和技术等问题，并提出了相应的管理对策。     

城市生活垃圾治理过程的能源化技术

论述了垃圾多种治理技术以及这些技术中的能源化的关键。这些技术涉及垃圾卫生填埋、垃圾梦烧、垃圾衍生燃料技术、垃圾厌氧发酵和垃圾的热解气化等。针对中国垃圾的具体特点，对中国垃圾能源化提出一些初步方案和建议。     

高固体厌氧消化法处理城市垃圾

简要介绍了一种新型垃圾处理方法──高固体厌氧消化法的概念、优缺点、发展历史、现状及国内外几种典型的工艺方法。     

Review of fly ash inertisation treatments and recycling

Fly ash (FA) is a by-product of power, and incineration plants operated either on coal and biomass, or on municipal solid waste. FA can be divided into coal fly ash, obtained from power plant burning coal, flue gas desulphurisation FA, that is, the by-product generated by the air pollution control equipment in coal-fired power plants to reduce the release of SO₂, biomass FA produced in the plants for thermal conversion of biomass and municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) FA, that is, the finest residue obtained from the scrubber system in a MSWI plant. Because of the large amount produced in the world, fly ash is now considered the world’s fifth largest material resource. The composition of FA is very variable, depending on its origins; then, also pollutants can be very different. In this frame, it is fundamental to exploit the chemical or physical potentials of FA constituents, thus rendering them second-life functionality. This review paper is addressed to FA typology, composition, treatment, recycling, functional reuse and metal and organic pollutants abatement. Because of the general growing of environmental awareness and increasing energy and material demand, it is expected that increasing recycling rates will reduce the pressure on demand for primary raw materials, help to reuse valuable materials which would otherwise be wasted and reduce energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions from extraction and processing.     

Industrial solid waste flow analysis of eco-industrial parks: implications for sustainable waste management in China

Sustainable waste management in the industrial ecology perspective brings enormous challenges to the existing methodology of waste analysis at the industrial park (IP) scale. In this study, a four-step method was proposed for industrial solid waste (ISW) flow analysis of eco-industrial parks (EIPs) and applied to two IPs in eastern China. According to a park-wide census of 619 industrial enterprises and 105 questionnaires by a survey from 2006 to 2008, the results indicated that: 1) at the enterprise scale, more than 60% of enterprises were small-ISW-generation enterprises which encountered great difficulties on effective waste management; 2) at the IP scale, though the two IPs have set up their own environmental management systems and passed the ISO 14001 certification, the efficiencies of the ISW management systems have yet to be improved in the industrial ecology perspective; and 3) at the regional scale, more than 97% of ISW flowed within the provincial region, indicating that the provincial governments prevented the wastes from flowing into their own “back yard”. Effective waste management should be placed in a broader perspective. Approaches to sustainable waste management may include wastes exchange, efficient waste and information flow, virtual EIP, waste minimization clubs and regionalization of waste management.     

Conditionally predictive supply elasticity estimates: Secondary materials obtained from municipal residuals

New capital-intensive waste processing plants have been developed that can recover secondary materials and energy from the municipal solid waste stream resulting in lower disposal costs than traditional methods. The potential supply of secondary glass, ferrous metals, aluminum, and energy is estimated using an engineering cost model of secondary materials and energy supply under alternative prices for energy and materials. Econometric estimates of the own- and cross-price elasticities of supply for the materials and energy are then estimated from the data set. Significant cross-price effects are shown.     

Microbial fuel cell with high content solid wastes as substrates: a review

With the increasing concern about the serious global energy crisis and high energy consumption during high content solid wastes (HCSWs) treatment, microbial fuel cell (MFC) has been recognized as a promising resource utilization approach for HCSW stabilization with simultaneous electrical energy recovery. In contrast to the conventional HCSW stabilization processes, MFC has its unique advantages such as direct bio-energy conversion in a single step and mild reaction conditions (viz., ambient temperature, normal pressure, and neutral pH). This review mainly introduces some important aspects of electricity generation from HCSWand its stabilization in MFC, focusing on: (1) MFCs with different fundamentals and configurations designed and constructed to produce electricity from HCSW; (2) performance of wastes degradation and electricity generation; (3) prospect and deficiency posed by MFCs with HCSWas substrates. To date, the major drawback of MFCs fueled by HCSW is the lower power output than those using simple substrates. HCSW hydrolysis and decomposition would be a major tool to improve the performance of MFCs. The optimization of parameters is needed to push the progress of MFCs with HCSW as fuel.

Open image in new window

     

Fostering food and energy security through by-product valorization within agricultural and agro-industrial networks: study of the province of Santiago de Cuba

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study is to investigate of how the concept of ‘integrated food and energy systems’ or IFES production networks could be applied – within the specific context of Eastern Cuba’s agricultural and agro-industrial sectors – as an innovative approach to improve food and energy security. The Province of Santiago de Cuba in southeast Cuba was the focus of this study; its existing operations, infrastructure, resource flows and scarcities, and actor relationships provide the basis of the data used for the evaluation.

The authors investigated the regional context, identify potential members of an agricultural and agro-industrial network in three municipalities of the province, and identify the main residuals and by-products of key facilities. Potential avenues for by-product valorization are investigated along with the possible influence/impacts on the sustainability of the surrounding systems and actors. A conceptual model for a regional network for integrated food and energy production is then provided based upon the development of three agricultural/agro-industrial scenarios: influence at the farm level, regional agro-industrial networks, and ‘anchor tenant’ eco-industrial systems. The main challenges and opportunities for the development of the networks are described with recommendations for addressing such where possible.     

Ammonia removal from low-strength municipal wastewater by powdered resin combined with simultaneous recovery as struvite

• Powdered resin was employed for ammonia recovery from municipal wastewater. • Powdered resin achievedefficient ammonia removal under various working conditions. • Co-existing cations indicated competitive adsorption of ammonia. • Ammonia was recoveredby two-stage crystallization coupled with ion exchange. Low-strength municipal wastewater is considered to be a recoverable nutrient resource with economic and environmental benefits. Thus, various technologies for nutrient removal and recovery have been developed. In this paper, powdered ion exchange resin was employed for ammonia removal and recovery from imitated low-strength municipal wastewater. The effects of various working conditions (powdered resin dosage, initial concentration, and pH value) were studied in batch experiments to investigate the feasibility of the approach and to achieve performance optimization. The maximum adsorption capacity determined by the Langmuir model was 44.39 mg/g, which is comparable to traditional ion exchange resin. Further, the effects of co-existing cations (Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, K⁺) were studied. Based on the above experiments, recovery of ammonia as struvite was successfully achieved by a proposed two-stage crystallization process coupled with a powdered resin ion exchange process. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffractometry (XRD) results revealed that struvite crystals were successfully gained in alkaline conditions (pH= 10). This research demonstrates that a powdered resin and two-stage crystallization process provide an innovative and promising means for highly efficient and easy recovery from low-strength municipal wastewater.     

21世纪城市生活垃圾生态化处理展望

我国目前由于管理,经济,技术以及公众环境意识的薄弱,城市生活垃圾已成为污染环境的一大公富,大致使大量有用资源浪费,就生态城市建设中垃圾生态化处理的重要性和对策进行了探讨,以期推动我国城市生活垃圾生态化处理和生态城市建设工作的开展。     

Technologies for pollutant removal and resource recovery from blackwater: a review

● Blackwater is the main source of organics and nutrients in domestic wastewater. ● Various treatment methods can be applied for resource recovery from blackwater. ● Blackwater treatment systems of high integration and efficiency are the future trend. ● More research is needed for the practical use of blackwater treatment systems. Blackwater (BW), consisting of feces, urine, flushing water and toilet paper, makes up an important portion of domestic wastewater. The improper disposal of BW may lead to environmental pollution and disease transmission, threatening the sustainable development of the world. Rich in nutrients and organic matter, BW could be treated for resource recovery and reuse through various approaches. Aimed at providing guidance for the future development of BW treatment and resource recovery, this paper presented a literature review of BWs produced in different countries and types of toilets, including their physiochemical characteristics, and current treatment and resource recovery strategies. The degradation and utilization of carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) within BW are underlined. The performance of different systems was classified and summarized. Among all the treating systems, biological and ecological systems have been long and widely applied for BW treatment, showing their universality and operability in nutrients and energy recovery, but they are either slow or ineffective in removal of some refractory pollutants. Novel processes, especially advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), are becoming increasingly extensively studied in BW treatment because of their high efficiency, especially for the removal of micropollutants and pathogens. This review could serve as an instructive guidance for the design and optimization of BW treatment technologies, aiming to help in the fulfilment of sustainable human excreta management.     

Estimation of municipal solid waste generation and landfill area in Asian developing countries

In developing Asian countries, the municipal cooperations are unable to handle the increasing amount of municipal solid waste, which into the uncollected waste being spread on roads and in other public areas leading to tremendous pollution and destruction of land and negative impact on human health. Generation of municipal solid waste increases with the rapid urbanization and accelerated economic development with in the rapidly growing advanced technological societies. The nature of municipal solid waste is a term usually applied to a heterogeneous collection group of waste produced in urban areas, the nature of which varies from region to region. The common problem faced by all developing Asian countries, is the disposal of municipal solid waste and availability of land fill site area. Present study explains the correlation analysis of among different factors of municipal solid waste and the objective is to assess the future municipal solid waste stream in Asian developing countries. The other goal of this study was to calculate the future land area that would be required for landfill site disposal in Asian developing countries.     

城市污泥干燥研究进展

随着城市污水处理厂不断增加,城市污泥的产量也大幅度增长。减量化是城市污泥资源化的首要步骤,而干燥是城市污泥减量化最有效的方法之一。本文简述了城市污泥的干燥特性及各种干燥方法,并对各种方法的优缺点进行比较,得出利用太阳能和通过种植植物对污泥进行干燥是较为经济可行的污泥干燥方法。在提倡可持续发展理念及能源危机不断恶化的情况下,这两种方法在污泥干燥方面的应用将具有广泛前景。     

Verglaste Filterstäube aus Müllverbrennungsanlagen

Solid waste residues from municipal solid waste incinerator flue gas cleaning systems basically consists of Al, Ca-silicates and metal oxides. At lower concentrations, environmentally harmful compounds such as alkali halide salts, heavy metals and traces of organic pollutants, e.g. PCDD, PCDF and PCB, are also present. For the reuse of the valuable materials (Al, Ca and metal oxides), an effective treatment technique for destroying the organic contaminants and separating the anorganic toxins from the non-toxic components has to be applied, which can only be achieved through thermal processing. Detailed investigations on vitrified electrostatic precipitator ash from municipal solid waste incinerator plants have shown promising results in regard to the mass balances, the chemical composition and the quality of the glass phase obtained.     

Assessment of the impacts of municipal solid waste dumps on soils and plants

The study aimed at evaluating the impacts of open municipal solid wastes dumps on soil and vegetation near the main roads linking major cities in Nigeria. We hypothesised that the metals from the wastes exerted substantial impacts at the dump sites which affect the soil and plants. Data were analysed from five dump sites and five control sites. The result revealed that the effects of the heavy metals (HM) were significant and higher at the dump sites where their concentrations were far above the EU, and Canadian environmental quality permissible limits for agricultural soils and vegetation. In contrast with dump sites, a significant relationship (R²?=?0.70; p??Cr?>?Pb at both dump sites and control sites. Further study on the effects of more HM on soil and plant is recommended in the area. Recycling and bio-phytoremediation processes should also be introduced.