扁刺栲在两种类型林分中的生长过程分析

通过对扁刺栲—华木荷林区针阔混交林、次生阔叶林的群落调查以及扁刺栲的树干解析．研究结果表明：(1)扁刺栲在针阔混交林与次生阔叶林中,胸径快速生长期分别在a8～12和a10～14之间,生长高峰值分别出现在a10和a12,最大值分别为1．07cm和0．85cm．(2)扁刺栲在针阔混交林与次生阔叶林中,树高快速生长期分别在a6～10和a10～14之间,生长高峰值分别出现在a8和a10,最大值分别为0．55m和0．56m．(3)在针阔混交林中,16a生扁刺栲单株材积达0．0134m^3,而在次生阔叶林中只有0．0103m^3．在分析不同林分中扁刺栲生长差异及其原因的基础上,建议对次生阔叶林经营应采用动态管理．     

张广才岭森林时空变化对步甲群落多样性的影响

研究中国北方地区成熟林、次生林和人工林生物多样性及群落结构,了解不同森林类型对物种的保育作用,可为生物避难所的选取和保护工作提供科学依据。为研究中国温带地区不同森林类型生物多样性,采用陷阱法对张广才岭森林中人工落叶松林、次生白杨林、次生混交林、成熟混交林和成熟针叶林5种典型森林生境中的地表步甲群落进行调查,在每种森林中设置4个重复样方,共20个样方,在每个样方中设置4个陷阱,在步甲的主要活动期(6—8月)内每隔2周收集1次陷阱内的昆虫样本,共捕获9 073头步甲。采用生态学多样性指数对群落组成进行分析,基于和弦标准化的预期物种共享(CNESS)相异指数的非度量多维标度法(NMDS)分析步甲物种周转率,并统计不同时间动态下步甲群落多度、丰富度和多样性变化,旨在分析并比较成熟林、次生林和人工林对生物多样性保护的作用。结果表明:次生白杨林步甲群落物种多样性最高,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数H'为2.37,人工林步甲最低,仅为1.99;人工林步甲群落结构与天然林差异较大,天然林中多样化的生态环境维持较高的步甲群落β多样性;在天然林中,步甲多度、丰富度和Simpson多样性指数随时间变化具有相似的变化趋势,而与人工落叶松林差异明显。由此认为,天然林对物种的保育作用是无可替代的,目前大规模种植单一种类的树木对维持森林生物多样性是不利的,改善中国森林生物多样性最有效的方法是任林地自然发展。     

杉木人工林采伐撂荒后土壤动物的恢复特征

以会同地区杉木人工林采伐迹地自然恢复后形成的次生林为研究对象,以杉木人工林和常绿阔叶林作为对照,调查分析杉木人工林、次生林和常绿阔叶林的土壤动物群落特征.结果显示:杉木人工林采伐迹地自然恢复20年后,次生林与常绿阔叶林土壤动物在群落组成上表现了更高的相似性,其中次生林与杉木人工林Jaccard相似性为0.57,杉木人工林与常绿阔叶林相似性为0.58,次生林与常绿阔叶林Jaccard相似性为0.64;杉木人工林采伐迹地自然恢复后,土壤动物群落的多度出现了显著的增加,从杉木人工林的52 916.1/m~2,增加到次生林的86 618.7/m~2(P=0.03),接近常绿阔叶林的78 298.4/m~2(P=0.75),这些增加主要归因于线虫纲、线蚓科、蜱螨目、弹尾目的增加,分别贡献了增加量的62.84%、26.57%、4.74%、2.26%.但土壤动物群落的多样性变化缓慢,Shannon多样性指数从杉木人工林到次生林增加了25.71%,达到常绿阔叶林的88.88%.通过比较3种森林类型土壤动物多度和多样性,明显可以看出土壤动物的多样性恢复速度要慢于土壤动物的多度恢复.由于次生林的群落组成、多样性和多度特征比杉木人工林更加接近于常绿阔叶林,因此结果支持生态系统不稳定性的增加促进了土壤生物的恢复.(图1表5参41)     

京西九龙山林下植被物种多样性及其空间分异研究

基于北京九龙山植物群落的样地调查数据,采用Shannon-Wiener多样性指数指标对九龙山林下植物物种多样性及其空间分异做相关研究。结果表明,该研究区域物种多样性较低,基本维持在0～3.62,均值为2.40,乔木人工林林下物种多样性高于天然灌丛;九龙山林下物种多样性存在明显的垂直及水平分异,其中垂直分异主要表现为：南山随着海拔升高林下植被物种多样性降低,中山随着海拔升高林下物种多样性呈“V”型变化,北山海拔300 m以下随着海拔升高林下物种多样性降低,海拔300～400 m林下物种多样性波动较大,650 m以上林下物种多样性较高且随着海拔的升高而增高;水平分异主要表现为：在海拔400 m以下地区,林下物种多样性表现为油松>侧柏>黄栌>侧柏-元宝枫混交林;海拔400～650 m地区为天然灌丛物种多样性最高,元宝枫最低;海拔650 m以上地区,华北落叶松林林下物种多样性最高,荆条林最低。京西九龙山人工林林下植被物种多样性存在明显的空间分异,而造林树种、立地条件、人为干扰强度是影响该地区林下物种多样性及其空间分异的主要原因。     

林窗大小对川西马尾松人工林林下物种多样性和生物量的影响

林窗是植被演替和森林循环的重要驱动力,研究林窗大小对物种多样性和生物量的影响有利于揭示林窗干扰在生态系统恢复中的作用.以川西莲花山马尾松人工林为研究对象,划分出5种不同面积(81-625 m~2)的林窗共计15个和3个非林窗(林下)作对照(CK),对其群落物种组成、物种多样性水平(丰富度指数D、Simpson优势度指数H’、Shannon-Wiener指数H、Pielou均匀度指数J_(sw))和林下生物量(灌木层生物量、草本层生物量)进行调查研究.结果表明:(1)在总面积为5 493 m~2的样地中,共记录到维管植物99种,隶属56科84属;草本层和灌木层物种数随林窗面积增加均呈单峰格局,前者的物种数变化较后者明显.(2)总的来看,林窗下的D、H、J_(sw)值较林下大,H’值较林下小,且400-450 m~2面积的林窗下灌木、草本各物种多样性指数值达到一个较高水平.(3)林窗内的生物量显著大于林下生物量,200-250 m~2林窗下的生物量最大.(4)群落各层次物种多样性指数与对应层次地上、地下、全株生物量的相关性均不显著.因此认为,大面积林窗(400-450 m~2)有利于增加马尾松人工林林下群落物种丰富度,提升林下群落物种多样性水平;而中等面积林窗(200-250 m~2)则有利于增加林下生物量.     

清江隔河岩坝区杉木—南酸枣林的群落学特征

杉木－南酸枣林是清江隔河岩坝区的一种典型次生林。野外调查结果表明,该群落的组成与结构比较复杂,群落的区系组成凤落叶阔叶树种主主,显示出由中亚热带向北亚热带过渡性植被地段次生群落的特征。该群落的物种多样性在同地区的次生林类型中处于较高水平,表明群落以前受到过中度干扰。目前的恢复状况较好,群落的演替趋势是常绿阔叶落叶阔叶混交林。     

清江隔河岩坝区杉木-南酸枣林的群落学特征

杉木—南酸枣林是清江隔河岩坝区的一种典型次生林。野外调查结果表明 ,该群落的组成与结构比较复杂 ,群落的区系组成以落叶阔叶树种为主 ,显示出由中亚热带向北亚热带过渡性植被地段次生群落的特征。该群落的物种多样性在同地区的次生林类型中处于较高水平 ,表明群落以前受到过中度干扰 ,目前的恢复状况较好 ,群落的演替趋势是常绿阔叶落叶阔叶混交林     

川西周公山柳杉人工林林窗大小对土壤理化性质和物种多样性的影响

以川西周公山柳杉人工林林中5种不同大小(50~100、100~150、200~250、400~450、600~650 m2)的林窗为研究对象,通过对林窗内土壤pH值、有机质含量等指标和物种多样性的研究,探讨天然林窗的形成对土壤各理化指标以及物种多样性的影响。结果表明:(1)随着林窗面积的增大,群落各层次的物种数呈现出先升高后降低的趋势,灌木层、草本层的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H)、Simpson优势度指数(H')和Pielou均匀度指数(Jsw)均表现为林窗林下;(2)0~20 cm土壤速效钾含量表现为林窗林下;(3)各物种多样性指数变化与土壤理化指标存在一定相关性,草本层物种丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数及Simpson优势度指数与土壤pH值呈显著相关关系(P0.05),物种丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数与速效钾含量呈显著相关关系(P0.05)。     

扎兰屯地区典型天然林群落特征及其相关性分析

为了解天然林的群落特征及其相关性,提升天然林的管理及生态防护功能,以大兴安岭扎兰屯天然落叶松(Larix gmelinii)纯林、白桦(Betula platyphylla)次生林、白桦-落叶松混交林为研究对象,分别对乔木层、灌木层和草本层的高度、胸径、冠幅、盖度等指标进行调查,分析群落结构特征,计算物种丰富度指数、多样性指数和均匀度指数,并进行主成分分析(PCA)。结果显示,(1)3个群落中落叶松林的乔木层树高、胸径和灌木层的地径、盖度均最高,草本层特征差异不显著(P0.05)。(2)落叶松林、白桦-落叶松林中平榛(Corylus heterophylla)和土庄绣线菊(Spiraea pubescens)的重要值均明显高于其他灌木树种;白桦林灌木层只有兴安柳(Salix hsinganica);3种林分草本层均以兴安苔草(Carex chinganensis)为优势种。(3)乔木层、灌木层的丰富度指数、Simpson指数和Shannon-Wiener指数均表现出:白桦-落叶松林落叶松林白桦次生林;草本层以落叶松林最为丰富,其Simpson指数、Shannon-Wiener指数均以白桦林为最大;乔木层、灌木层、草本层的Pielou指数均以白桦-落叶松林为最大。(4)PCA排序结果显示,随着林分郁闭度、乔木树高、胸径及灌木盖度、高度、基径的增大,灌木层植物的多样性指数和均匀度增加明显,草本层多样性降低;草本高度越高、盖度越大,草本层多样性指数、均匀度越高。研究表明:乔木层郁闭度、灌木层生长特征(盖度、高度和基径)是影响物种多样性的主因,林分群落特征与植物多样性存在相关性。     

林窗对马尾松人工林植物多样性的影响

为了解人工抚育调控林窗对马尾松人工林植物多样性的影响,以长江上游低山丘陵区39年生的马尾松人工林为研究对象,人为砍伐形成不同大小(100-1 600 m2)的林窗共计21个,研究了林窗、林窗边缘、林下的植物多样性.结果表明:马尾松人工林林窗内外的丰富度指数R0(物种数)、Simpson生态优势度指数(SP)、Shannon-Wiener物种多样性指数(SW)差异显著(P0.05),其丰富度指数的大小顺序是林窗林窗边缘林下.不同大小林窗之间的丰富度指数也有显著差异(P0.05),但Simpson生态优势度指数、Shannon-Wiener物种多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数(Jsw)差异均不显著.不同大小林窗边缘的丰富度指数、优势度指数、多样性指数和均匀度指数均没有显著差异(P0.05).综合来看,林窗的形成显著提高了马尾松人工林林下植物的丰富度,林窗大小对林下植物的物种组成和丰富度也有显著影响.     

古田山国家级自然保护区常绿阔叶林类型及其群落物种多样性研究

在群落调查的基础上，分析了古田山自然保护区常绿阔叶林的群落类型和群落物种多样性特征．结果表明：古田山自然保护区常绿阔叶林主要有6种类型(群系)，即甜槠林、栲树林、野含笑-钩栗林、青冈林、虎皮楠-甜槠林、乌冈栎-青冈林，并对各群落类型的结构和物种组成进行了描述．从各群落的外貌、结构和种类组成上看，均具有我国典型常绿阔叶林的基本特征．不同群落类型其物种多样性大小不同，栲树林和野含笑-钩栗林物种多样性较高，虎皮楠-甜槠林和乌冈栎-青冈林物种多样性较低．在群落垂直结构中，灌木层→乔木层→草本层物种多样性依次降低，乔木层与灌木层之间物种多样性差异不显著，草本层的物种丰富度、物种多样性指数均明显小于乔木层和灌木层．与邻近4个山地常绿阔叶林物种多样性相比较，古田山常绿阔叶林物种多样性比纬度位置高的黄山和大别山要大，但比纬度位置低的乌岩岭和缙云山小．     

The Value of Primary, Secondary, and Plantation Forests for a Neotropical Herpetofauna

Abstract:  Plantation forests and second-growth forests are becoming dominant components of many tropical forest landscapes. Yet there is little information available concerning the consequences of different forestry options for biodiversity conservation in the tropics. We sampled the leaf-litter herpetofauna of primary, secondary, and Eucalyptus plantation forests in the Jari River area of northeastern Brazilian Amazonia. We used four complementary sampling techniques, combined samples from 2 consecutive years, and collected 1739 leaf-litter amphibians (23 species) and 1937 lizards (30 species). We analyzed the data for differences among forest types regarding patterns of alpha and beta diversity, species-abundance distributions, and community structure. Primary rainforest harbored significantly more species, but supported a similar abundance of amphibians and lizards compared with adjacent areas of second-growth forest or plantations. Plantation forests were dominated by wide-ranging habitat generalists. Secondary forest faunas contained a number of species characteristic of primary forest habitat. Amphibian communities in secondary forests and Eucalyptus plantations formed a nested subset of primary forest species, whereas the species composition of the lizard community in plantations was distinct, and was dominated by open-area species. Although plantation forests are relatively impoverished, naturally regenerating forests can help mitigate some negative effects of deforestation for herpetofauna. Nevertheless, secondary forest does not provide a substitute for primary forest, and in the absence of further evidence from older successional stands, we caution against the optimistic claim that natural forest regeneration in abandoned lands will provide refuge for the many species that are currently threatened by deforestation .     

Providing Habitat for Native Mammals through Understory Enhancement in Forestry Plantations

The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) expects forestry plantations to contribute to biodiversity conservation. A well‐developed understory in forestry plantations might serve as a surrogate habitat for native species and mitigate the negative effect of plantations on species richness. We experimentally tested this hypothesis by removing the understory in Monterey pine (Pinus radiata) plantations in central Chile and assessing changes in species richness and abundance of medium‐sized mammals. Frequency of occurrence of mammals, including kodkods (Leopardus guigna), culpeo foxes (Pseudalopex culpaeus), lesser grisons (Conepatus chinga), and Southern pudu deer (Pudu puda), was low in forest stands with little to no understory relative to stands with well‐developed undergrowth vegetation. After removing the understory, their frequency of occurrence decreased significantly, whereas in control stands, where understory was not removed, their frequency did not change. This result strongly supports the idea that facilitating the development of undergrowth vegetation may turn forestry stands into secondary habitats as opposed to their containing no habitat for native mammals. This forestry practice could contribute to conservation of biological diversity as it pertains to CBD targets. Proporcionando Hábitat para Mamíferos Nativos Mediante el Mejoramiento del Sotobosque en Plantaciones Forestales     

Community structure of earthworms under rubber plantations and mixed forests in Tripura, India

Studies on community structures of earthworms of rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) plantations and their adjacent mixed forests in West Tripura (India) revealed that both the studied sites harvoured 10 earthworm species. Nine species (Pontoscolex corethrurus, Kanchuria sp 1, Metaphire houlleti, Drawida papillifer papillifer, Drawida assamensis, Gordiodrilus elegans, Eutyphoeus assamensis, Eutyphoeus comillahnus and Eutyphoeus gigas) were common to both. While Octochaetona beatrixwas found only in the rubber plantations, Dichogaster affinis was restricted to the mixed forest only. Earthworms were found mostly within 15 cm depth of soils having mean temperature of 27 degrees C, moisture of 23%, pH of 4.57, organic matter of 1.34% and water holding capacity of 36%. Mean earthworm density in rubber plantations (115 ind. m(-2)) was significantly higher (p = 0.003, t = 3.83) than that in the mixed forests (69 ind. m(-2)) due to dominance of Pontoscolex corethrurus, an exotic species. Numbers of dominant species were two (P. corethrurus and D. assamensis) in the rubber plantations and five (P. corethrurus D. assamensis, D. papilliferpapillifer, M. houlleti and Kanchuria sp 1) in the mixed forests. Compared to the mixed forests, significantly low (p<0.05) Shannon diversity index (H) and species evenness and high index of dominance in the rubber plantation were evaluated.     

Paying the Extinction Debt in Southern Wisconsin Forest Understories

Abstract: The lack of long‐term baseline data restricts the ability to measure changes in biological diversity directly and to determine its cause. This hampers conservation efforts and limits testing of basic tenets of ecology and conservation biology. We used a historical baseline survey to track shifts in the abundance and distribution of 296 native understory species across 82 sites over 55 years in the fragmented forests of southern Wisconsin. We resurveyed stands first surveyed in the early 1950s to evaluate the influence of patch size and surrounding land cover on shifts in native plant richness and heterogeneity and to evaluate changes in the relative importance of local site conditions versus the surrounding landscape context as drivers of community composition and structure. Larger forests and those with more surrounding forest cover lost fewer species, were more likely to recruit new species, and had lower rates of homogenization than smaller forests in more fragmented landscapes. Nearby urbanization further reduced both alpha and beta understory diversity. Similarly, understory composition depended strongly on local site conditions in the original survey but only weakly reflected the surrounding landscape composition. By 2005, however, the relative importance of these factors had reversed such that the surrounding landscape structure is now a much better predictor of understory composition than are local site conditions. Collectively, these results strongly support the idea that larger intact habitat patches and landscapes better sustain native species diversity and demonstrate that humans play an increasingly important role in driving patterns of native species diversity and community composition.     

Changes in hardwood forest understory plant communities in response to European earthworm invasions

European earthworms are colonizing earthworm-free northern hardwood forests across North America. Leading edges of earthworm invasion provide an opportunity to investigate the response of understory plant communities to earthworm invasion and whether the species composition of the earthworm community influences that response. Four sugar maple-dominated forest sites with active earthworm invasions were identified in the Chippewa National Forest in north central Minnesota, USA. In each site, we established a 30 x 150 m sample grid that spanned a visible leading edge of earthworm invasion and sampled earthworm populations and understory vegetation over four years. Across leading edges of earthworm invasion, increasing total earthworm biomass was associated with decreasing diversity and abundance of herbaceous plants in two of four study sites, and the abundance and density of tree seedlings decreased in three of four study sites. Sample points with the most diverse earthworm species assemblage, independent of biomass, had the lowest plant diversity. Changes in understory plant community composition were most affected by increasing biomass of the earthworm species Lumbricus rubellus. Where L. rubellus was absent there was a diverse community of native herbaceous plants, but where L. rubellus biomass reached its maximum, the herbaceous-plant community was dominated by Carex pensylvanica and Arisaema triphyllum and, in some cases, was completely absent. Evidence from these forest sites suggests that earthworm invasion can lead to dramatic changes in the understory community and that the nature of these changes is influenced by the species composition of the invading earthworm community.     

Effects of Oil‐Palm Plantations on Diversity of Tropical Anurans

Agriculturally altered vegetation, especially oil‐palm plantations, is rapidly increasing in Southeast Asia. Low species diversity is associated with this commodity, but data on anuran diversity in oil‐palm plantations are lacking. We investigated how anuran biological diversity differs between forest and oil‐palm plantation, and whether observed differences in biological diversity of these areas is linked to specific environmental factors. We hypothesized that biological diversity is lower in plantations and that plantations support a larger proportion of disturbance‐tolerant species than forest. We compared species richness, abundance, and community composition between plantation and forest areas and between site types within plantation and forest (forest stream vs. plantation stream, forest riparian vs. plantation riparian, forest terrestrial vs. plantation terrestrial). Not all measures of biological diversity differed between oil‐palm plantations and secondary forest sites. Anuran community composition, however, differed greatly between forest and plantation, and communities of anurans in plantations contained species that prosper in disturbed areas. Although plantations supported large numbers of breeding anurans, we concluded the community consisted of common species that were of little conservation concern (commonly found species include Fejervarya limnocharis, Microhyla heymonsi, and Hylarana erythrea). We believe that with a number of management interventions, oil‐palm plantations can provide habitat for species that dwell in secondary forests. Efectos de las Plantaciones de Palma de Aceite sobre la Diversidad de Anuros Tropicales Faruk et al.     

间伐对杉木人工林林下植被多样性及其营养元素现存量影响

间伐改变了林分结构,影响林下植被的生长和发育,但长期间伐对杉木Cunninghamia lanceolata林下植被多样性的影响尚缺乏系统研究。在浙江开化通过样地调查,采用Simpson指数、Shannon-Wiener指数和Pielou均匀度指数研究3种间伐处理下杉木人工林林下植被多样性的变化;分析林下植被主要营养元素含量,研究间伐对营养元素现存量的影响。以试验区传统经营方式为对照,即林木生长中期（第14年）进行1次轻度间伐（间伐强度约15%,T1）;中度（总间伐强度约35%, T2）和强度（总间伐强度约50%,T3）间伐均在第7年和第14年进行了2次间伐。间伐15年后的结果表明,3种间伐处理下,林下植物种类数分别为18种（T1）、17种（T2）和20种（T3）,林下植被总密度和盖度均随间伐强度增加而增大;林下植物Simpson指数、Shannon-Wiener指数和Pielou均匀度指数在不同间伐处理之间均没有显著差异（P＞0.05）。林下植被全碳（TC）、全磷（TP）和全钾（TK）含量在不同间伐处理之间差异不显著（P＞0.05）,全氮（TN）含量随间伐强度增加而降低,其中T3处理显著低于T1（P＜0.05）。林下植被生物量随间伐强度增大而增加,林下植被TC、TN、TP和TK现存量在不同间伐处理之间均没有显著差异（P＞0.05）。这些试验结果说明杉木人工林间伐15年后间伐强度不会显著影响林下植被多样性和营养元素的积累。     

Effects of Widespread Drought‐Induced Aspen Mortality on Understory Plants

Forest die‐off around the world is expected to increase in coming decades as temperature increases due to climate change. Forest die‐off will likely affect understory plant communities, which have substantial influence on regional biological diversity, ecosystem function, and land–atmosphere interactions, but how die‐off alters these plant communities is largely unknown. We examined changes in understory plant communities following a widespread, drought‐induced die‐off of trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) in the western United States. We assessed shrub and herbaceous cover and volume in quadrats in 55 plots located across a wide range of levels of aspen mortality. We measured species richness and composition of herbaceous plant communities by recording species presence and absence in 12 sets of paired (1 healthy, 1 dying) aspen plots. Although understory composition in healthy and dying stands was heterogeneous across the landscape, shrub abundance, cover, and volume were higher and abundance of herbaceous species, cover, and volume were lower in dying aspen stands. Shrub cover and volume increased from 2009 to 2011 in dying stands, which suggests that shrub growth and expansion is ongoing. Species richness of herbs declined by 23% in dying stands. Composition of herbs differed significantly between dying and healthy stands. Richness of non‐native species did not differ between stand types. The understory community in dying aspen stands was not similar to other shrub‐dominated plant communities in the region and may constitute a novel community. Our results suggest that changes in understory plant communities as forests die off could be a significant indirect effect of climate change on biological diversity and forest communities. Efectos de la Mortalidad Extensiva de Álamos Inducida por Sequía sobre Plantas del Sotobosque