数值仿真在钱塘江引水入城工程水质预测中的应用

使用二维浅水波方程及传质模型,对工程前期排人钱塘江的废水中污染物的传播及分布进行预测,其预测结果可为工程排污口附近钱塘江水质保护对策制定提供依据。     

Rainy River water quality in the vicinity of bleached kraft mills

Water and suspended solids samples were collected at four river stations and from two pulp and paper mill final effluents and analysed for a variety of organic contaminants. Juvenile fish were collected upstream and downstream of the mill discharges. Results showed significant mill inputs of PCBs, PAHs, chlorophenols, dioxins and furans which impacted downstream stations. Juvenile fish analysed downstream of the effluents indicated uptake of PCBs and chlorinated phenols.     

Occurrence and fate of PPCPs and correlations with water quality parameters in urban riverine waters of the Pearl River Delta, South China

The occurrence and fate of eight PPCPs was studied in river waters from upstream to downstream of the three rivers in the Pearl River Delta, China. The correlations of PPCP levels and water quality parameters were also investigated. The analytes of the highest concentrations were caffeine, acetaminophen, and ciprofloxacin. Carbamazepine and erythromycin-H₂O were detected at the lowest concentrations. The highest concentrations of PPCPs were found in the Shijing River, with 865 ng/L caffeine, 339 ng/L acetaminophen, and 304 ng/L ciprofloxacin. In general, the levels of PPCPs in the Zhujiang River were higher at sites where the metropolitan city Guangzhou is located and decreased from the epicenter along the river. Low levels of PPCPs were generally found in the Beijiang River. Positive correlations were found between PPCP levels, total nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, and cumulative fluorescence excitation-emission matrix (EEM) volume. Among the four PPCPs evaluated (caffeine, acetaminophen, ciprofloxacin, and sulfamethoxazole), caffeine had the best correlations with the correlation coefficients ranging from 0.62 to 0.98. The prediction of PPCP concentrations at specified locations can be substantially simplified.     

松花江水质的多元统计分析

采用主成分分析法、因子分析法对松花江干流11个断面的水质监测数据按照不同水期进行分析,研究了各水质参数的相关性并对污染来源及不同水期内反映水质的重要参数进行了初步探讨.结果表明,水中可生物降解污染物对水体DO有一定的影响,水体温度是控制耗氧性污染物降解的主要因素.枯水期NH3-N与生活污水排放有重要关系,且在TN中占有较高比例.丰水期NH3-N与挥发酚相关性增加,这可能与汛期内煤化工类企业排放不达标有关;平水期,NH3-N与NO3-N相关性增加,可能平水期的污染来源及负荷与其他水期有差别.通过因子分析发现,在不同水期有不同的水质参数影响水质,枯水期大肠杆菌、TP是反映水质的重要参数;丰水期NH3-N、TP、石油类、pH为影响水质的主要水质参数;平水期DO、TN、电导率是反映松花江水质状况的重要水质参数,应当针对不同水期的污染负荷构成制定相应的污染防治方案.     

改善深圳河水质的补水方案及生态影响初步分析

深圳河旱季天然径流量小而污染负荷高,为了改善河流水质,在削减入河污染物的同时有必要采取补水措施。利用水质模型,计算了不同污水处理率下,分别以污水资源化再生水、珠江口海水和大鹏湾海水为补水水源时,深圳河达到基本不黑臭所需的补水量。讨论了补水方案对河流水质、盐度、水动力条件的改变及其对生态系统的影响。研究表明,引海水对河流生态系统的冲击不容忽视。而污水资源化是较优的补水方案。     

产业结构演变的流域水环境响应研究——以社渎港流域为例

以太湖15个入湖河流之一的社渎港为研究对象,利用社渎港流域的水环境质量监测数据、工业企业污染排放调查数据、环境统计数据及社会经济统计数据,对社渎港流域产业结构的合理性进行了诊断,并采用典型相关分析方法探讨了产业结构演变对水环境的影响。结果表明,研究区的工业污染总体上得到了较好控制,其中屺亭街道的工业污染排放最为严重;城乡生活污染和农业面源污染是研究区水环境质量恶化的主要原因,城乡生活污染对COD和氨氮入河量的贡献率较高,分别为46.59%和60.55%,农业面源污染对TN和TP入河量的贡献率突出,分别为64.05%和76.50%;研究区产业结构与钱纳里三次产业结构模式(产业结构合理程度的参照标准)的Hamming贴近度从2001年的0.83下降到2007年的0.77,产业结构不尽合理,且不合理程度逐渐加剧;研究区第一产业对TN和TP入河量的影响最为显著,第三产业对氨氮和COD入河量的影响最为明显;可通过优化产业结构来减轻研究区的水环境污染状况,产业结构调整的主要目标应为降低第二产业产值比例及增加第三产业产值比例。     

基于问卷调查的淮河水环境状况评估

通过问卷对淮河流域干流、沙颍河的水环境状况进行了调查,调查的对象包括沿河居住的农民、渔民和城市居民.结果显示,评估期内(2005-2010年)淮河水质没有明显改善,不同河段水质现状差异较大.沙河和淮河干流中游下段蚌埠闸、五河等断面和洪泽湖水质较好,满足游泳或水产养殖功能,颍河和淮河干流中游上段王家坝、润河集、鲁台子等断面水质较差,仅能满足灌溉功能;颍河上游、淮河干流中游下段水质好转,颍河下游、淮河干流中游上段水质恶化;淮河生态仍在恶化中,水生动植物持续减少,河畔林减少;部分居民因水质恶劣发生取水困难;渔业生产也遭受严重损失,淮河下游著名渔场——洪泽湖渔场仍面临水污染的威胁.     

The combined use of chemical and biochemical markers to assess water quality along the Ebro River

Carp (Cyprinus carpio) and barbel (Barbus graellsii) were collected from five sites along the Ebro River. The study was designed to assess levels of persistent organic pollutants and metals bioaccumulated by fish, and some biochemical responses (cytochrome P450 system, phase II activities, and metallothioneins) against those pollutants. The highest levels of PCBs and DDTs were detected in carp from industrialised areas, which also showed high levels of mercury and cadmium in the liver, and high levels of nonylphenol in bile. Significant alterations in some biochemical markers were observed and associated to combined exposure to pollutants. The activity 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase ranged from 69 pmol/min/mg protein in carp from the reference site to 415 pmol/min/mg protein in those from polluted sites. Carp from the Ebro Delta, an agricultural area, had depressed acetylcholinesterase in muscle tissue. Metallothionein concentrations were positively correlated with copper residues, but no significant differences among sampling points were observed.     

Zooplankton of subarctic Imandra Lake following water quality improvements, Kola Peninsula, Russia

The composition, species richness and abundance of zooplankton communities were studied in two highly contaminated areas: (1) mainly by heavy metals and other toxic and non-toxic matter, and (2) mainly by fine particles of nepheline and other minerals and organic matter, in the large, subarctic Imandra Lake (northwestern Russia), based on data collected between 1978 and 1990. Reduction in the relative abundance of the typical inhabitants of northern oligotrophic lakes and their substitution by tolerant-to-pollution, widely distributed, circumpolar species were the general trends for the communities. In both lake areas, water quality changes occurred in response to reductions in contamination of metals, mineral particles and organic matter in the mid 1980s. Water chemistry improvements, including decreased concentrations of pollutants, have resulted in partial recovery of zooplankton communities, increase in species richness, density of individuals, and shifts in composition of the dominance group. However, both lake areas are still contaminated and re-establishment of communities typical of a non-polluted lake did not occur between the mid 1980s and mid 1990s.     

Variability of water quality and metal pollution index in the Ganges River,Bangladesh

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The Ganges River is one of the biggest transboundary streams in the Indian sub-continent. The significant part of this waterway channel drains one of...     

Influence of alum on cyanobacterial blooms and water quality of earthen fish ponds

Eruption of blue-green algal blooms occurs frequently in eutrophic lakes and fish ponds, with associated unpleasant odor and horrid scums. In the present study, we conducted a pre-test experiment in 3 m³ outdoor concrete ponds to determine the optimum concentration of aluminum sulfate (alum) required for reduction of the cyanobacterial blooms without negative effect on fish growth. As a consequence, 10 mg L^?1 alum was named as the optimum concentration that was applied in 1000 m³ earthen fish ponds. Obtained results showed that Secchi disc values significantly increased from 10 to 24 cm after 14 days of alum application. Alum-treated ponds showed a reduction in total phytoplankton counts by 94 and 96 % compared to the corresponding controls after 10 and 14 days, respectively. Abundance of blue-green algae in the treated ponds was decreased by 98 % compared to the corresponding control after 14 days of alum application. Consequently, dissolved oxygen, pH, total phosphorus, orthophosphate, and chlorophyll “a” content declined significantly. Our study revealed that using 10 mg L^?1 of alum is an effective way to control cyanobacterial blooms in eutrophic waters, especially in fish ponds, without negative effect in water quality.     

Coastal water quality in the Kihei and Lahaina districts of the island of Maui, Hawaiian Islands. Impacts from physical habitat and groundwater seepage: implications for water quality standards

Water quality in terms of nutrient concentrations, turbidity, suspended solids, and chlorophyll a, was studied during 2000–2001 at a total of 27 beaches in the Kihei and West Maui–Lahaina districts of Maui, Hawaiian Islands. Nitrate concentrations varied widely and averaged as much as 15–20 μM at some beaches. Most turbidities fell in the range 1–10 nephelometric turbidity units. Resuspension of bottom sediments on shallow reef flats appeared to be a cause of some of the highest turbidity. Onshore-offshore transect studies showed that turbidity and concentrations of nitrate and chlorophyll a declined dramatically with distance from the shoreline. The dramatic gradients in water quality within the first 100 m from the shoreline and the fact that some violations of water quality criteria within that zone appear to be the result of natural phenomena, underscore the difficulty of assessing the quality of coastal waters based on traditional parameters.     

Seasonal variations of water quality response to land use metrics at multi-spatial scales in the Yangtze River basin

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Land use pattern is increasingly regarded as an important determinant of environmental quality and regional ecosystems. Understanding the correlation...     

River water quality assessment using environmentric techniques: case study of Jakara River Basin

Jakara River Basin has been extensively studied to assess the overall water quality and to identify the major variables responsible for water quality variations in the basin. A total of 27 sampling points were selected in the riverine network of the Upper Jakara River Basin. Water samples were collected in triplicate and analyzed for physicochemical variables. Pearson product-moment correlation analysis was conducted to evaluate the relationship of water quality parameters and revealed a significant relationship between salinity, conductivity with dissolved solids (DS) and 5-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD₅), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and nitrogen in form of ammonia (NH₄). Partial correlation analysis (r _p) results showed that there is a strong relationship between salinity and turbidity (r _p?=?0.930, p?=?0.001) and BOD₅ and COD (r _p?=?0.839, p?=?0.001) controlling for the linear effects of conductivity and NH₄, respectively. Principal component analysis and or factor analysis was used to investigate the origin of each water quality parameter in the Jakara Basin and identified three major factors explaining 68.11 % of the total variance in water quality. The major variations are related to anthropogenic activities (irrigation agricultural, construction activities, clearing of land, and domestic waste disposal) and natural processes (erosion of river bank and runoff). Discriminant analysis (DA) was applied on the dataset to maximize the similarities between group relative to within-group variance of the parameters. DA provided better results with great discriminatory ability using eight variables (DO, BOD₅, COD, SS, NH₄, conductivity, salinity, and DS) as the most statistically significantly responsible for surface water quality variation in the area. The present study, however, makes several noteworthy contributions to the existing knowledge on the spatial variations of surface water quality and is believed to serve as a baseline data for further studies. Future research should therefore concentrate on the investigation of temporal variations of water quality in the basin.     

The effect of an industrial effluent on an urban stream benthic community: water quality vs habitat quality

We studied the effect of an industrial effluent on the water quality, habitat quality, and benthic macroinvertebrates of an urban stream in southwestern Michigan (USA). The effluent affected water quality by raising in-stream temperatures 13-18 degree C during colder months and carrying high amounts of iron (> 20 x higher than ambient) that covered the streambed. The effluent also affected habitat conditions by increasing total stream discharge by 50-150%, causing a significant change in substrate and flow conditions. We used three methods to collect benthic macroinvertebrates in depositional and erosional habitats and to understand the relative importance of habitat quality and water quality alterations. Macroinvertebrate response variables included taxonomic richness, abundance, and proportional abundance of sensitive taxonomic groups. Results indicated that the effluent had a positive effect on macroinvertebrate communities by increasing the quantity of riffle habitat, but a negative effect on macroinvertebrate communities by reducing water quality. Results illustrated the need for careful consideration of habitat quality and water quality in restoration or remediation programs.     

Assessments of natural and anthropogenic influences on water chemistry in the upper Nakdong River,South Korea

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to evaluate what sources principally affect the chemical compositions in the catchment of the upper Nakdong River, South Korea where bedrock mostly consists of silicates as a natural factor. From October 7^th to 9^th, 2015, thirty-three water samples were collected, including samples from tributaries which run alongside mines. We analyzed the major anions, cations, trace elements and water isotopes of the samples and the analyzed data are divided into four groups by principle component analysis (PCA). We determined that most of the water samples are influenced by water-rock interactions when we consider the PCA results and the chemical weathering equation line. However, six samples have excess concentrations of sulfate and plot below the equation line. These samples were mostly from streams beside a zinc-cadmium smelter, which was also consistent with the PCA results. Samples near populated area could also be separated into a group via domestic pollution. Based on the PCA and chemical results, the chemical compositions of the river can be affected by two anthropogenic inputs: mine wastes and domestic contaminants.     

Evaluation of the Swat River,Northern Pakistan,water quality using multivariate statistical techniques and water quality index (WQI) model

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - This study evaluates the characteristics of water along the Swat River, Northern Pakistan. For this purpose, water samples (n = 30) were...     

盐城蟒蛇河饮用水源原水水质及盐龙湖工程水质净化效果评价

蟒蛇河是盐城市区主要的地表饮用水源地,其水质通常在Ⅳ~Ⅴ类标准。为改善原水水质,中国首个平原上开挖的饮用水源生态净化湖——盐龙湖于2012年6月建成启用。通过水质监测,分析了近年来蟒蛇河原水水质及其污染特征,并对盐龙湖工程水质的净化效果进行了评价。研究表明:(1)蟒蛇河原水在春、秋、冬季水质主要指标基本能满足《地表水环境质量标准》(GB3838-2002)Ⅲ类标准,但夏季水质相对较差;(2)蟒蛇河原水呈现出典型的有机污染特征,营养盐类多是以有机形态存在,但TN与TP的主要污染来源并不一致,在不同季节原水污染特性存在波动规律;(3)近年来蟒蛇河原水中有机物及营养盐浓度有升高趋势;(4)盐龙湖工程水质净化效果在夏季最佳,春、秋季次之,冬季则一般;(5)近一年来,盐龙湖工程累计削减原水高锰酸盐指数、氨氮、TN、TP、SS的量分别达到56.6、35.6、59.8、8.9、1 000.0t(干质量)。     

Use of rehabilitation experiments to understand the recovery dynamics of acid-stressed fish populations

We used rehabilitation experiments involving the stocking of 2 native sportfish, lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) and smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu), in combination with recent fish community surveys, to study the recovery dynamics of fish populations in acid-stressed lakes near Sudbury and Killarney, Ontario, Canada. Population recovery rates differed between the 2 species. Introduced lake trout did poorly in species-rich lakes and exhibited slower growth, lower survival and delayed recruitment. Smallmouth bass, in contrast, readily colonized species-rich lakes. The biomass of natural smallmouth bass recruits increased to reference lake levels within 5 years following water quality recovery and spawning by stocked fish, whereas the biomass of natural lake trout recruits remained well below reference levels 5-15 years after water quality recovery and spawning by adults occurred. We document introductions by anglers of smallmouth bass into acid-damaged lake trout lakes, including some lakes that did not contain bass prior to acidification. This range expansion of a warm-water species (bass) that can alter food-web structure and reduce the growth of a cold-water species (trout), illustrates the potential for the combination of climate warming and species introductions to greatly alter the biological recovery endpoints in acid-stressed lakes.