纳米ZnO浓度对EBPR系统除磷性能的影响

采用SBR工艺接种成熟的强化生物除磷(EBPR)絮状污泥,研究了不同浓度纳米ZnO(ZnO NPs)对颗粒化EBPR系统性能的影响。结果表明:低浓度(≤1 mg/L)ZnO NPs可促进厌氧释磷和好氧吸磷作用;随着ZnO NPs浓度的增加,磷酸盐及COD去除能力受到明显抑制;在厌氧释磷过程中,PAOs对ZnO NPs的毒性更为敏感;与未受ZnO NPs污染的系统相比,ZnO NPs浓度为15 mg/L条件下的释磷速率与吸磷速率分别下降了0.1 mg/(gVSS·min)和0.15 mg/(gVSS·min)。     

SBR不同进水中反硝化除磷颗粒污泥的培养

分别以人工配水、加Ca~(2+)人工配水和实际生活污水为进水水源,在A/O/A运行模式的3套SBR反应器(R1、R2和R3)中培养反硝化除磷颗粒污泥,研究了其生化特性和启动过程的除污性能,分析了反硝化除磷能力,最后对颗粒化机理进行了探讨,重点考察了反硝化除磷颗粒污泥启动过程中对COD、NH_4~+-N、TN和TP的去除情况.结果表明,R1~R3均在30 d内成功得到反硝化除磷颗粒污泥,颗粒污泥平均粒径大于600μm,比重和比耗氧速率较大,含水率较低;培养过程中出水COD平均值低于40 mg·L~(-1),出水TN、NH+4-N及TP平均浓度低于1 mg·L~(-1);系统稳定后一个典型周期内试验表明,COD、NH_4~+-N、TN和TP的去除效果良好,对COD、NH+4-N、TN及TP的去除率可达90%以上;R1~R3中最大比释磷速率分别达14.34、8.32和2.32 mg·g·h~(-1)(以每g MLVSS每小时释放的P量(mg)计),R1~R2中最大比吸磷速率分别达14.13和2.34mg·g·h~(-1)(以每g MLVSS每小时吸收的P量(mg)计);试验结果表明,Ca~(2+)对颗粒化有促进作用.     

进水C/P对SNEDPR系统脱氮除磷性能的影响

为了解不同进水C/P条件下同步硝化内源反硝化除磷(SNEDPR)的脱氮除磷特性.以实际城市污水为处理对象,采用延时厌氧(180min)/低氧(溶解氧0.5~1.0mg·L-1)运行的序批式反应器(SBR),考察了进水C/P(分别为60、30、20、15、10)对系统C、N、P去除特性的影响.结果表明:适当降低进水C/P(由60降至30)有利于提高系统内PAOs竞争优势.当C/P为30时系统除磷性能最高,厌氧段释磷速率(PRR)和好氧段吸磷速率(PUR,以P/MLSS计,下同)分别高达3.5mg·(g·h)-1和4.2mg·(g·h)-1,出水PO43--P浓度均低于0.3mg·L-1,且PPAO,AN高达88.1%;但进一步降低进水C/P至10时,PO43--P去除率和PPAO,An分别由51.3%和82.4%降低至3.1%和5.3%,PRR和PUR分别仅为0.2mg·(g·h)-1和0.24mg·(g·h)-1,系统表现出较差的除磷性能.降低C/P对系统COD去除性能没有影响,COD去除率稳定在85%左右.此外,当C/P由60降低至20时,系统硝化性能变差,表现为出水NH4+-N和NO2--N浓度分别由0和6.9mg·L-1升高至5.1mg·L-1和16.2mg·L-1;而当C/P进一步降低至10时,系统硝化性能得以恢复,但亚硝积累特性遭到破坏,表现为出水NH4+-N和NO2--N浓度逐渐降低为0,但出水NO3--N浓度由0.08mg·L-1升高至14.1mg·L-1.SNED率先由62.1%降低为36.4%后又逐渐提高至56.4%.C/P低于15时,有利于提高GAOs的竞争优势,且C/P由20降至10时系统脱氮性能得以恢复原因在于GAOs内源反硝化作用的增强.     

进水C/P对SNEDPR系统脱氮除磷性能的影响

为了解不同进水C/P条件下同步硝化内源反硝化除磷(SNEDPR)的脱氮除磷特性.以实际城市污水为处理对象,采用延时厌氧(180 min)/低氧(溶解氧0.5~1.0 mg·L~(-1))运行的序批式反应器(SBR),考察了进水C/P(分别为60、30、20、15、10)对系统C、N、P去除特性的影响.结果表明:适当降低进水C/P(由60降至30)有利于提高系统内PAOs竞争优势.当C/P为30时系统除磷性能最高,厌氧段释磷速率(PRR)和好氧段吸磷速率(PUR,以P/MLSS计,下同)分别高达3.5mg·(g·h)-1和4.2 mg·(g·h)-1,出水PO3-4-P浓度均低于0.3 mg·L~(-1),且PPAO,An高达88.1%;但进一步降低进水C/P至10时,PO3-4-P去除率和PPAO,An分别由38.1%和82.4%降低至3.1%和5.3%,PRR和PUR分别仅为0.2 mg·(g·h)-1和0.24mg·(g·h)-1,系统表现出较差的除磷性能.降低C/P对系统COD去除性能没有影响,COD去除率稳定在85%左右.此外,当C/P由60降低至20时,系统硝化性能变差,表现为出水NH+4-N和NO-2-N浓度分别由0和6.9 mg·L~(-1)升高至5.1 mg·L~(-1)和16.2 mg·L~(-1);而当C/P进一步降低至10时,系统硝化性能得以恢复,但亚硝积累特性遭到破坏,表现为出水NH+4-N和NO-2-N浓度逐渐降低为0,但出水NO-3-N浓度由0.08 mg·L~(-1)升高至14.1 mg·L~(-1).SNED率先由62.1%降低为36.4%后又逐渐提高至56.4%.C/P低于15时,有利于提高GAOs的竞争优势,且C/P由20降至10时系统脱氮性能得以恢复,原因在于GAOs内源反硝化作用的增强.     

氨氮负荷对强化生物除磷系统的影响

强化生物除磷系统由于其除磷的高效性及稳定性,一直是国内外学者研究的热点。影响强化生物除磷系统正常运行的因素有很多,氨氮便是其中一个很重要的因素。本文旨在在前人的研究基础上,通过实验研究对比EBPR系统及颗粒化EBPR系统对不同浓度氨氮冲击负荷的耐受性。研究结果表明颗粒化EBPR系统对氨氮的最大耐受浓度可达200 mg L-1甚至更高,较EBPR系统的氨氮耐受负荷高约10倍。     

进水C/N对SNEDPR系统脱氮除磷的影响

为了解同步硝化内源反硝化系统(SNEDPR)脱氮除磷性能,采用延时厌氧(180 min)/低氧(溶解氧0.5~2.0 mg·L-1)运行的SBR反应器,以人工配置的模拟废水为处理对象,先采用恒定进水C/N(为10),以实现SNEDPR的启动和聚磷菌(PAOs)的富集培养,再调控进水C/N值(分别为10、7.5、5和2.5),考察不同C/N对系统的脱氮除磷性能的影响。结果表明,当进水C/N为10,可实现SNEDPR的启动与深度脱氮除磷,出水PO43--P和总氮(TN)浓度分别平均为0.1 mg·L-1和8.1 mg·L-1,PO43--P去除率、TN去除率和SNED率平均值分别为99.79%、89.38%和58.0%。当进水C/N由5提高至10时,系统维持良好的脱氮除磷性能,释磷量(PRA)和SNED率分别由16.0 mg·L-1和48.0%提高至24.4 mg·L-1和69.2%;当C/N为10时,TN和PO43--P去除率最高达94.5%和100%;当C/N为2.5时,系统失去脱氮、除磷性能,PRA和SNED率仅为1.36 mg·L-1和10%。在系统稳定运行阶段(C/N为10、7.5和5),SNED率达85.9%,出水NH4+-N、NOx--N和PO43--P浓度平均为0、8.1和0.1 mg·L-1。     

好氧/除磷颗粒对亚硝化颗粒污泥启动的影响

在室温下,采用R1、R2、R3三组相同的SBR反应器接种污水厂回流污泥,比较了添加好氧颗粒、除磷颗粒对亚硝化颗粒污泥启动及稳定运行的影响.结果表明,在S1(0~22 d)阶段,R1、R2、R3均用了19 d启动亚硝化.在S2阶段(23~56d),R1不添加颗粒污泥,R2、R3分别添加20%好氧颗粒和20%除磷颗粒诱导亚硝化絮状污泥颗粒化,R1、R2和R3分别在76、42 d和56 d平均粒径达到412、468、400μm,均成功实现颗粒化.在S3阶段(57~108 d),进水氨氮负荷和COD负荷分别由0.4 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1)提高到0.5 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1)和0.2 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1)提高到0.5 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1),R1、R2反应器中颗粒粒径增加明显,但R3发生了污泥膨胀.在运行末期(108 d),R1和R2的平均粒径分别达到689μm和893μm.接种好氧颗粒和除磷颗粒均能快速实现亚硝化污泥的颗粒化,并且接种好氧颗粒的亚硝化颗粒污泥系统能适应较高C/N比进水,耐冲击负荷,能长期稳定运行.     

SBR中生物除磷颗粒污泥的反硝化聚磷研究

反硝化聚磷菌(DNPAOs)可利用厌氧储存的聚.3.羟基丁酸(PHB)以硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐为电子受体进行过量吸磷和反硝化,从而达到在低碳源下脱氮除磷的双重目的.本试验在SBR反应器中,采用厌氧,缺氧/好氧(A/A/O)交替运行的方式.将富集聚磷菌(PAOs)的颗粒污泥成功地诱导为具有反硝化聚磷能力的颗粒污泥.诱导结束后P的去除率在90%以上,NOx-N的去除率在93%以上,厌氧段释磷量在25-33 mg/L,缺氧段每去除lg NOx-N吸收P约1.3 g;典型周期运行结果显示,厌氧段最大比释磷速率(SRPR)为18.39 mg/(g.h),缺氧段最大比吸磷速率(SUPR)为23.72 mg/(g·h),最大比反硝化速率(SDNR)为18.19mg/(g·h),好氧段最大SUPR为17.15 me,/(g·h):颗粒污泥中DNPAOs的数量由诱导前的14.9%增加到80.7%.与除磷颗粒污泥相比.反硝化聚磷颗粒污泥沉速提高0.16-0.7倍,比重提高0.003 1.     

同步脱氮除磷颗粒污泥硝化反硝化特性试验研究

在厌氧/好氧交替运行的SBR反应器中,以成熟的脱氮除磷颗粒污泥为研究对象,对其硝化及反硝化特性进行研究.结果表明,静态试验中颗粒污泥的最大硝化速率为14.13 mg·(g·h)-1,最大反硝化速率为34.89 mg·(g·h)-1,最大缺氧吸磷反硝化速率为13.11 mg·(g·h)-1,污泥具有较好的硝化、反硝化性能;反应器中污泥最大硝化速率为4.60 mg·(g·h)-1,最大反硝化速率为1.43 mg·(g·h)-1;通过N的物料平衡得到,同步硝化反硝化反应去除N约为232.5 mg·d-1,占N去除总量的54.3%;另外,颗粒污泥对P和N的去除率分别在95%和90%左右,反应器具有较好的同步脱氮除磷效果.     

游离氨对EBPR系统聚磷菌活性抑制动力学

在强化生物除磷系统中,游离氨(FA)是影响聚磷菌(PAOs)生物除磷效果及微生物种群特性的重要因素之一。该试验以富含PAOs的活性污泥为研究对象,基于批次试验,考察不同FA浓度对EBPR系统除磷性能的影响,同时拟合了3种非基质抑制动力学模型(Andrew模型、Hellinga模型、Vadivelu模型)。试验结果表明：EBPR系统中Ca.Accumulibacter和Tetrasphaera菌属的相对丰度分别为2.65%和1.71%,是PAOs群落中主导的菌属。此外,当0 mg/L≤FA≤0.2 mg/L时,FA对PAOs的释磷过程和吸磷过程产生促进作用,当0.2 mg/L≤FA≤50 mg/L时,FA显著地抑制了PAOs的释磷过程和吸磷过程,且吸磷过程受抑制程度更强。最后,统计学参数分析发现,相对于Andrew和Vadivelu模型,Hellinga模型最适合描述FA对PAOs活性的抑制影响,获得了动力学常数。厌氧释磷过程：最大比释磷速率(r_max,AN)为(17.6±0.5) mg/(g VSS·h),抑制常数(K_I,AN)为(25.6±...     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.