非离子表面活性剂—苯基萤光酮分光光度法测定排污水中的微量铜

本文提出了灵敏而选择性好的分光光度法测定工厂排污水中微量铜的新方法,方法以苯基萤光酮(PFO)为显色剂。聚氧乙烯型非离子表面活性剂(以Triton X-100和乳化剂OP为例)为增溶和敏化剂.PFO-TritonX-100体系和PFO-乳化剂OP体系的表观摩尔吸光系数分别为ε_(566nm)＇=6.04×10~4和ε_(566nm)＇=5.24×10~4,标准偏差和变动系数分别为0.021、0.35％和0.025、0.42％,两种体系均在0～14微克Cu~(2 )/25毫升范围内遵守比耳定律,本法已用于测定工厂排污水中微量Cu~(2 ),与常用的DDTC法所测得结果一致。 用摩尔比法和连续变化洷测得了Triton X-100络合体系中Cu:PFO=1:1,文中也对几种不同非离子表面活性剂对Cu(?) PPO显色反应的作用进行了初步探讨。     

三元络合物在环境监测中的应用

微量污染物的测定是环境临测的重要内容,分光光度法是测定微量污染物广泛应用的主要方法。为了提高分光光度法的灵敏度和选择性,研究新的显色体系是重要的途径。本文以生成三元络合物新体系作为研究的重点,论述了三元络合物的基本概念、类型与组成及其主要特性;阐明三元络合物在环境监测萃取分光光度法、水相分光光度法及胶束增溶分光光度法中应用的优越性。同时,简要介绍了三元络合物在环境监测中广阔的应用前景和研究方向。     

大气甲醛卫生检验方法的分析条件

对《居住区大气中甲醛卫生检验标准方法分光光度法》(GB／T16129-1995)中实验条件进行了实验研究，研究表明进口和天津显色剂的灵敏度有差别，但对测定结果无影响；最佳显色时间为2-8min；样品在0℃～4℃条件下保存4d对测定无影响。     

汞的高灵敏分光光度测定—在阴离子表面活性剂存在下用3,5-Br_2-DMPAP作显色剂

这是一种在水相直接比色的汞的分光光度测定方法。十二烷基磺酸钠存在时。汞与2-(3,5-二溴吡啶偶氮)-5-二甲氨基酚的显色反应呈现了相当高的灵敏度,其摩尔吸光系数为1.1×10~5。该体系可以用来定量测定土壤、矿物及水样中微量汞,为环境保护中汞的监视提出了一个新的方法。     

MnO2纳米酶催化ABTS的显色反应及其在Fe2+和Pb2+检测中的应用

本文探讨了纳米MnO_2催化2,2′-联氮双(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)二铵盐(ABTS)显色反应的类氧化酶活性,系统地评估了单一金属离子Fe~(2+)和Pb~(2+)对MnO_2纳米酶活性的影响及作用机理,揭示了MnO_2纳米酶-ABTS反应体系在选择性检测实际水体中Fe~(2+)和Pb~(2+)的应用.在pH 3.8、25℃条件下,纳米MnO_2能够催化ABTS单电子转移形成ABTS阳离子自由基(ABTS~(·+),绿色产物),其类氧化酶活性为0.0412 U·mL~(-1).酶剂量、底物浓度、pH和温度影响了MnO_2纳米酶活性.在反应体系中添加0.01 mmol·L~(-1) Fe~(2+)(或Pb~(2+))显著地抑制了MnO_2纳米酶活性(P0.01),主要是由于Fe~(2+)(或Pb~(2+))在静电引力作用下强烈吸附在纳米MnO_2表面,导致MnO_2纳米酶催化活性的钝化甚至失活.其中Fe~(2+)吸附在MnO_2纳米酶表面能够与多价锰发生氧化还原反应,而Pb~(2+)特异性吸附在MnO_2纳米酶表面形成络合物.加标回收试验结果表明,MnO_2纳米酶能够用于选择性测定实际水样中单一污染的Fe~(2+)和Pb~(2+).MnO_2纳米酶-ABTS反应体系对天然水体中Fe~(2+)和Pb~(2+)的检测具有较高精确度(相对误差为3.4%—10.5%)和良好回收性能(回收率为96%—110%).研究结果提供了一种简单、快速、高灵敏的检测方法用于可视化分析环境水样中Fe~(2+)和Pb~(2+)浓度.     

微量有机磷杀虫剂的酶法分析

本文以α-乙酸萘酯作为血清胆碱酯酶的底物,邻氨基苯甲酸萘-1,5-二磺酸重氮盐作为显色剂,使用酶法测定水中微量有机磷杀虫剂。实验结果表明:鸭酶的检测灵敏度比马酶高一个数量级;鸭酶与抑制剂的作用时间为5min,为马酶的1/2。方法灵敏、快速、简便。     

阳极溶出伏安法直接测定酒中微量铜

本文研究了在NH_4Ac-NH_4Cl-NH_3·H_2O体系中,阳极溶出伏安法直接测定微量铜。灵敏度达3×10~(-9)M,回收率在70ppb溶液中为96—98％。方法具有灵敏、准确,样品预处理简便等优点。可直接用于酒品类中微量铜或痕量铜的测定。     

光度法研究铜(Ⅱ)-邻二氮菲-茜素红S混合配体络合物—对致癌机制的一种初步模拟

众所周知,混合配体络合物的形成,不仅是光度法中提高反应灵敏度与改进选择性的有效途径,同时也是生物体内酶催化的活性中间产物,因此,有关这类络合物的研究及其应用一直受到人们的重视。关于金属的致癌机制,A.Furst早在1963年就曾著书提出,整合作用可能是探讨癌症问题的基础,但是这种观点需要实验的支持和论证。本文以光并法研究了铜(Ⅱ)-邻二氮菲(phen)-茜素红S(ARS)三元体系中的相互作用,并尝试以此为模型对金属致癌机制进行初步的探索。     

天然水中微量可溶性钛的测定

Ti(Ⅳ)-二澳苯基萤光酮(简称DBPF)-澳化十六烷基三甲基铵(CTAB)胶束增溶分光光度法是目前测定Ti(Ⅳ)的最灵敏的方法之一,此法不单灵敏度高(ε_(670)=1.98×10~6),选择性亦较好,而且操作简便快速,条件易于掌握,用共沉淀富集方法单独测定一份水样只需一小时左右便可完成。     

环境监测致癌前体物亚硝酸根的检测

1 NO-2的检测方法 检测NO-2的经典方法是α-萘胺比色法.因其使用的试剂α-萘胺有毒，为强致癌物，故此法属于不安全、不清洁的检测方法.在常规分析中的应用逐渐减少，仅用于对照和检验新的检测方法. 近年来国内外报道的检测方法，主要有极谱法、色谱法、荧光法和催化光度法等.这些方法在检测手段、所用试剂和数理分析等方面，互为借鉴，各有所长.其中研究较多的是催化光度法. 在催化光度法中，研究都集中在寻找合适的氧化剂和显色剂(弱还原剂)，以便建立起操作简易、反应灵敏、清洁、干扰物少或干扰物便于掩蔽和钝化的催化反应体系. 溴酸钾氧化亮绿SF的反应体系和溴酸钾氧化结晶紫的反应体系，Br-，F-，Cl-，S2-等离子往往有干扰. 氯酸钾氧化酸性品红和氯酸钾氧化考马斯亮蓝G的反应体系，检测方法有所改进，且克服了F-，Cl-，S2-的干扰问题.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

Representation of the world's biophysical conditions by the global protected area network

Protected areas (PAs) are often implemented without consideration of already existing PAs, which is likely to cause an overrepresentation of certain biophysical conditions. We assessed the representativeness of the current PA network with regard to the world's biophysical conditions to highlight which conditions are underprotected and where these conditions are located. We overlaid terrestrial and marine PAs with information on biophysical conditions (e.g., temperature, precipitation, and elevation) and then quantified the percentage of area covered by the PA network. For 1 variable at a time in the terrestrial realm, high temperature, low precipitation, and medium and very high elevation were underrepresented. For the marine realm, low and medium sea surface temperature (SST), medium and high sea surface salinity (SSS), and the deep sea were underrepresented. Overall, protection was evenly distributed for elevation across the terrestrial realm and SST across the marine realm. For 2 variables at a time, cold and very dry terrestrial environments had mostly low protection, which was also the case for low SST and low and medium SSS across most depths for marine environments. Low protection occurred mostly in the Sahara and the Arabian Peninsula for the terrestrial realm and along the Tropic of Capricorn and toward the poles for the marine realm. Although biodiversity measures are of prime importance for the design of PA networks, highlighting biophysical gaps in current PAs adds a frequently overlooked perspective. These gaps may weaken the potential of PAs to conserve biodiversity. Thus, our results may provide useful insights for researchers, practitioners, and policy makers to establish a more comprehensive global PA network.     

Quantitative composition of the defensive secretion ofBledius species (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Oxytelinae) is adapted to naturally occurring predators

Summary The adaptation of defensive secretions to their target organisms was examined for the abdominal gland secretions ofBledius furcatus, B. spectabilis andB. arenarius. Therefore the target organisms of the secretion of theseBledius species (i.e. their predators) had to be identified. At the collection sites examined these were the earwigLabidura riparia, the antCataglyphis bicolor, the flyLispe candicans, different carabids of the generaPogonus, Dichirotrichus, Dyschirius, Bembidion andCalathus and the wading birdsHaematopus ostralegus andCalidris alba. The secretion of the abdominal glands contains the toxin ptoluquinone dissolved in either-dodecalactone and 1-undecene (B. furcatus andB. spectabilis) or in octanoic acid and octyloctanoate (B. arenarius). The ratio of these solvents is species-specific. Application experiments using some of the natural insect predators (L. riparia, C. bicolor, Pogonus, Di. gustavii, Dyschirius) revealed that these solvent ratios provided a more effective deterrent than other possible ratios. Thus by combining the solvents in certain ratios, the capability of cuticular penetration and therefore the effectiveness of the defensive secretions are adapted to their natural targets.     

Democracy versus development: New urban debates

The politics of development includes subtexts of choice, as underpinned by community consensus (or lack of it), against the larger backdrop of a liberal democracy, with its intricate power structures that influence the choice of concepts and often lead to complicity rather than consent. A dilemma exists between the understanding of field-level practitioners and that of academics, whose understandings of progress differ. Progress can (and often does) imply long-term change across generations whereas development is often more a matter of crisis management and delivering tangible results to end-users. This makes it a bone of contention across political systems, irrespective of local or global dynamics. Development can emerge as a tool to be wielded for power and further political mileage at the expense of progress. Progress cannot be studied as a counterpoint to development as the sense of history is often missing in development interventions. Development tends to be piecemeal as its very logic often stems from the rationale of power. This is not to suggest, however, that development is only about politics; it is definitely more than the politics of everyday life and involves all of civil society that requires its critical and immediate attention. In this sense, it has become a priority for politicians with an underlying agenda designed to out-manouevre dissent and all statements of protest.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

A framework to measure the wildness of managed large vertebrate populations

As landscapes continue to fall under human influence through habitat loss and fragmentation, fencing is increasingly being used to mitigate anthropogenic threats and enhance the commercial value of wildlife. Subsequent intensification of management potentially erodes wildness by disembodying populations from landscape-level processes, thereby disconnecting species from natural selection. Tools are needed to measure the degree to which populations of large vertebrate species in formally protected and privately owned wildlife areas are self-sustaining and free to adapt. We devised a framework to measure such wildness based on 6 attributes relating to the evolutionary and ecological dynamics of vertebrates (space, disease and parasite resistance, exposure to predation, exposure to limitations and fluctuations of food and water supply, and reproduction). For each attribute, we set empirical, species-specific thresholds between 5 wildness states based on quantifiable management interventions. We analysed data from 205 private wildlife properties with management objectives spanning ecotourism to consumptive utilization to test the framework on 6 herbivore species representing a range of conservation statuses and commercial values. Wildness scores among species differed significantly, and the proportion of populations identified as wild ranged from 12% to 84%, which indicates the tool detected site-scale differences both among populations of different species and populations of the same species under different management regimes. By quantifying wildness, this framework provides practitioners with standardized measurement units that link biodiversity with the sustainable use of wildlife. Applications include informing species management plans at local scales; standardizing the inclusion of managed populations in red-list assessments; and providing a platform for certification and regulation of wildlife-based economies. Applying this framework may help embed wildness as a normative value in policy and mitigate the shifting baseline of what it means to truly conserve a species.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

Sexual Predators,Energy Development,and Conservation in Greater Yellowstone

Abstract: In the United States, as elsewhere, a growing debate pits national energy policy and homeland security against biological conservation. In rural communities the extraction of fossil fuels is often encouraged because of the employment opportunities it offers, although the concomitant itinerant workforce is often associated with increased wildlife poaching. We explored possible positive and negative factors associated with energy extraction in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE), an area known for its national parks, intact biological diversity, and some of the New World's longest terrestrial migrations. Specifically, we asked whether counties with different economies—recreation (ski), agrarian (ranching or farming), and energy extractive (petroleum)—differed in healthcare (gauged by the abundance of hospital beds) and in the frequency of sexual predators. The absolute and relative frequency of registered sex offenders grew approximately two to three times faster in areas reliant on energy extraction. Healthcare among counties did not differ. The strong conflation of community dishevel, as reflected by in‐migrant sexual predators, and ecological decay in Greater Yellowstone is consistent with patterns seen in similar systems from Ecuador to northern Canada, where social and environmental disarray exist around energy boomtowns. In our case, that groups (albeit with different aims) mobilized campaigns to help maintain the quality of rural livelihoods by protecting open space is a positive sign that conservation can matter, especially in the face of rampant and poorly executed energy extraction projects. Our findings further suggest that the public and industry need stronger regulatory action to instill greater vigilance when and where social factors and land conversion impact biological systems.     

Threats to intact tropical peatlands and opportunities for their conservation

Large, intact areas of tropical peatland are highly threatened at a global scale by the expansion of commercial agriculture and other forms of economic development. Conserving peatlands on a landscape scale, with their hydrology intact, is of international conservation importance to preserve their distinctive biodiversity and ecosystem services and maintain their resilience to future environmental change. We explored threats to and opportunities for conserving remaining intact tropical peatlands; thus, we excluded peatlands of Indonesia and Malaysia, where extensive deforestation, drainage, and conversion to plantations means conservation in this region can protect only small fragments of the original ecosystem. We focused on a case study, the Pastaza‐Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) in Peru, which is among the largest known intact tropical peatland landscapes in the world and is representative of peatland vulnerability. Maintenance of the hydrological conditions critical for carbon storage and ecosystem function of peatlands is, in the PMFB, primarily threatened by expansion of commercial agriculture linked to new transport infrastructure that is facilitating access to remote areas. There remain opportunities in the PMFB and elsewhere to develop alternative, more sustainable land‐use practices. Although some of the peatlands in the PMFB fall within existing legally protected areas, this protection does not include the most carbon‐dense (domed pole forest) areas. New carbon‐based conservation instruments (e.g., REDD+, Green Climate Fund), developing markets for sustainable peatland products, transferring land title to local communities, and expanding protected areas offer pathways to increased protection for intact tropical peatlands in Amazonia and elsewhere, such as those in New Guinea and Central Africa which remain, for the moment, broadly beyond the frontier of commercial development.