光电离色谱法测定大气中痕量异戊二烯和单萜化合物

本文用光离子化检测器气相色谱法直接测定大气中痕量异戊二烯、α-蒎烯和β-蒎烯,分析了针叶树侧柏和桧柏释放的上述组份的浓度日变化规律。二者在白天释放α-蒎烯和β-蒎烯的速率较快;而在夜间,释放速率明显下降。     

粗壮女贞中的新单萜配糖体(英)

从粗壮女贞（Ｌｉｇｕｓｔｒｕｍ ｒｏｂｕｓｔｕｍ）叶子中分离鉴定了４ 个新的单萜配糖体, 命名为粗壮女贞甙Ｄ、Ｇ、Ｈ和Ｌ． 通过波谱及化学方法,它们分别鉴定为香叶醇３′ＯαＬ吡喃鼠李糖基４′顺式香豆酰基βＤ吡喃葡萄糖甙（１） ,６羟基３,７二甲基２Ｅ,７葵二烯醇３′ＯαＬ吡喃鼠李糖基４′反式香豆酰基βＤ吡喃葡萄糖甙（２） ,６羟基３,７二甲基２Ｅ,７葵二烯醇３′ＯαＬ吡喃鼠李糖基４′顺式香豆酰基βＤ吡喃葡萄糖甙（３） 以及６,７二羟基３,７二甲基２Ｅ葵烯醇３′ＯαＬ吡喃鼠李糖基４′顺式香豆酰基βＤ吡喃葡萄糖甙（４） ． 此外,还从该植物得到了７ 个已知化合物,芹菜素（５）、ｃｏｓｍｏｓｉｉｎ（６） 、ｒｈｏｉｆｏｌｉｎ（７） 、山梨糖醇（８）、阿克苷（９） 、β谷甾醇（１０） 和齐墩果酸（１１） ．     

雪松枝叶挥发性物质的化感作用及其化学成分分析

采用半密闭容器测定法,研究了离体雪松(Cedrus deodara)枝叶挥发性物质对白菜(Brassica pekinensis)、萝卜(Raphanus sativus)、莴苣(Lactuca sativa)种子萌发的化感作用,并对其成分进行了GC-MS分析。结果表明:雪松枝叶的自然挥发物对白菜、萝卜和莴苣的发芽率和干质量影响不显著,但对萌发的芽长产生显著的影响,而挥发油对受体种子的发芽率、发芽指数、萌发的根长以及芽长均产生显著的抑制作用,其中对莴苣的发芽率和发芽指数的抑制效应达到92.85%和96.43%,对白菜种子萌发的根长的抑制效应达到51.3%,表明雪松枝叶的挥发物中存在潜在的化感物质,抑制种子的萌发,且挥发油的化感作用大于自然挥发物。对挥发油和自然挥发性成分分析结果表明,两种方法收集的挥发性气体中均鉴定出大量的萜烯类化合物,其中挥发油中鉴定出37种化合物,84.68%为萜烯类化合物,主要成分为α-蒎烯(24.72%)、β-蒎烯(21.04%)、1-石竹烯(12.42%);自然挥发物中鉴定出22种化合物,52.81%也都是萜烯类化合物,主要成分为α-蒎烯(17.16%)、β-蒎烯(11.53%)、b-侧柏烯(13.06%),两者共有成分15种,均为萜烯类化合物,其中挥发油中的成分含量较高,挥发油中化学成分的种类以及成分含量均大于自然挥发物,这可能是导致挥发油的化感作用大于自然挥发物的一个原因。从成分的分析结果可以看出,萜烯类化合物是雪松挥发性物质的主要成分,因此雪松枝叶挥发物的化感作用可能与其中的萜烯类物质有关。     

单萜烯臭氧化反应产物研究

利用气/质联用系统(GC/MS)分析研究了α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯、△~3-蒈烯与臭氧的大气模拟反应,确定反应的主要产物分别为:2,2-二甲基-3-乙酸基环丁基乙醛(蒎酮醛),6、6-二甲基-双环[3,1,1]庚-2-酮(诺蒎酮),2.2-二甲基-3-(2-氧丙基)环丙基乙醛,对反应的机理进行了探讨。     

β—蒎烯与臭氧的大气化学行为的初步实验室模拟研究

使用长光程傅里叶变换红外光谱系统对β－蒎烯与臭氧的大气化学行为进行初步的实验室模拟研究,测定了β－蒎烯及其与臭氧氧化反应的主要产物不蒎酮的气态红外谱图, 特征峰的红外吸光系数。     

空气清新剂中挥发性有机物的组成及其对室内空气质量的潜在影响

研究调查了广州市各大型超市销售的14个品牌,15种不同香型,共26个盒装空气清新剂中挥发性有机物（VOCs）的成分.通过顶空GC-MS分析获得的结果可以看出各个空气清新剂的成分组成差别较大,即使是相同香型的产品,其中的化合物种类和百分比浓度都不尽相同.定性出94种化合物,包括烯烃18种,醇类15种,醛类14种,酮类4种,醚类5种,酚类1种,酯类25种及其它化合物12种,其中萜类化合物约占总化合物数量的40%.β-月桂烯、罗勒烯、苧烯、苯乙醇、乙酸苄酯、β-蒎烯、β-水芹烯、伞花烃、1-甲基-4-（1-甲基乙烯基）苯、里拉醇等化合物在各种清新剂中出现频率为100%.空气清新剂中萜类化合物与臭氧反应,可生成二次有机气溶胶,对室内空气质量造成影响.     

电子鼻zNose~(TM)构建棉花挥发物指纹图谱及被害棉花挥发物释放节律分析

采用电子鼻zNose~(TM)对棉花植株常见挥发性化合物进行定性分析,确定每类化合物的相对保留指数,构建棉花植株常见挥发性化合物特征谱库.采集棉铃虫幼虫取食诱导棉株挥发性化合物,利用电子鼻构建棉铃虫幼虫危害棉株的指纹图谱.比对健康棉株与棉铃虫幼虫危害棉株的色谱图及指纹图谱发现,棉铃虫幼虫危害棉株的挥发物的种类和含量均比健康棉株的多,而且未去除棉铃虫幼虫的危害处理与去除棉铃虫幼虫的危害处理相比,被诱导挥发物的含量显著升高.通过电子鼻实时监测棉花植株各处理β-蒎烯、β-月桂烯等挥发性化合物的释放节律.结果显示,当棉铃虫幼虫危害棉株2h后,β-蒎烯的释放量明显增加,与对照相比差异显著.β-月桂烯在棉铃虫幼虫危害2h的释放量与对照相比没有显著差异,在棉铃虫幼虫危害24h释放量显著增加.6～8h β-蒎烯和β-月桂烯分别达到各自最大释放量,随后缓慢回落,但仍然保持较高释放水平.图3表1参24     

中新世水杉叶片和白垩纪松型球果化石中的挥发性成分

采用气相色谱-质谱联用分析技术从中新世水杉叶片和白垩纪松型球果两种裸子植物化石中分别鉴定了51个和19个挥发性成分,类型涉及烷烃、烷烯、烷醇、长链脂肪酸及其酯、邻苯二甲酸酯、萜类和芳香族化合物.其中3种成分——松香烷型二萜、饱和十七碳脂肪酸和惹烯是裸子植物的生物标志分子.图1表2参22     

北京九龙山不同林型林间大气主要BVOCs组成研究

为明晰北京市周边不同类型森林的康养效果,对北京市九龙山不同林型内大气中的BVOCs组成及比例动态进行了研究。采用Tenax吸附管和采样泵在北京九龙山3个不同林型内进行林间大气采样,利用热脱附-气相色谱-飞行质谱仪对采集样品进行定性和定量分析,研究了包括异戊二烯、单萜、倍半萜烯在内的多种大气植物源挥发性有机化合物的变化规律及气象因素对其变化的影响。结果表明：九龙山不同森林类型林间大气的BVOCs总量浓度排序为针阔混交林>针叶林>阔叶林,混交林内BVOCs浓度相对较高,但差异性不显著。林间大气BVOCs中α-蒎烯（α-pinene）和异戊二烯（isoprene）比例较高,α-蒎烯（α-pinene）占到总量的34.75%—47.24%,异戊二烯（isoprene）占到总量的15.35%—24.93%,针叶林大气中的异戊二烯浓度较高,大于阔叶林和混交林,单萜浓度则表现为混交林>针叶林>阔叶林,倍半萜烯浓度较低,占总量的15.35%—24.93%,表现为阔叶林>混交林>针叶林,差异性不显著。同一采样时间,北京九龙山不同林型林间大气BVOCs总量差异不显著,但...     

毛细色谱-质谱法测定黄河水中痕量有机污染物

用溶剂萃取法富集黄河水中的痕量有机污染物,把萃取的有机物预分离成脂肪烃、多环芳烃、极性化合物和有机酸四种不同的馏份,用毛细色谱-质谱-计算机联用仪逐一进行分析,通过相对保留值、质谱、质量色谱相结合的方法鉴定了六十余种有机污染物,并对其中十八种脂肪烃和六种多环芳烃进行了定量分析,脂肪烃浓度范围为5—800毫微克/升,多环芳烃浓度范围为0—90毫微克/升。     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

Threats to intact tropical peatlands and opportunities for their conservation

Large, intact areas of tropical peatland are highly threatened at a global scale by the expansion of commercial agriculture and other forms of economic development. Conserving peatlands on a landscape scale, with their hydrology intact, is of international conservation importance to preserve their distinctive biodiversity and ecosystem services and maintain their resilience to future environmental change. We explored threats to and opportunities for conserving remaining intact tropical peatlands; thus, we excluded peatlands of Indonesia and Malaysia, where extensive deforestation, drainage, and conversion to plantations means conservation in this region can protect only small fragments of the original ecosystem. We focused on a case study, the Pastaza‐Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) in Peru, which is among the largest known intact tropical peatland landscapes in the world and is representative of peatland vulnerability. Maintenance of the hydrological conditions critical for carbon storage and ecosystem function of peatlands is, in the PMFB, primarily threatened by expansion of commercial agriculture linked to new transport infrastructure that is facilitating access to remote areas. There remain opportunities in the PMFB and elsewhere to develop alternative, more sustainable land‐use practices. Although some of the peatlands in the PMFB fall within existing legally protected areas, this protection does not include the most carbon‐dense (domed pole forest) areas. New carbon‐based conservation instruments (e.g., REDD+, Green Climate Fund), developing markets for sustainable peatland products, transferring land title to local communities, and expanding protected areas offer pathways to increased protection for intact tropical peatlands in Amazonia and elsewhere, such as those in New Guinea and Central Africa which remain, for the moment, broadly beyond the frontier of commercial development.     

Parasitic wasps orient to green leaf volatiles

Summary Undamaged plants emit low levels of green leaf volatiles (GLVs), while caterpillar-damaged and artificially damaged plants emit relatively higher levels of certain GLVs. Female braconid parasitoids,Microplitis croceipes, oriented to both damaged plants and to individual GLVs in no-choice tests in a wind tunnel, but seldom oriented to undamaged plants. Female ichneumonid parasitoids,Netelia heroica, also oriented to individual GLVs in a wind tunnel. Males of both wasp species failed to orient to the GLVs. These data show that leaf-feeding caterpillars can cause the release of GLVs, and that parasitic wasps can respond to these odors by flying upwind (chemoanemotactic response), which brings the wasps to their caterpillar hosts. This supports the hypothesis that plants communicate with members of the third trophic level,i.e., plants under herbivore attack emit chemical signals that guide natural enemies of herbivores to sites of plant damage. In this interaction, the GLVs serve as tritrophic plant-to-parasitoid synomones. That parasitoids from two different wasp families oriented to GLVs suggests that the response may be widespread among the Hymenoptera.Mention of a commercial or proprietary product does not constitute an endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture     

Human Influence and Classical Biogeographic Predictors of Rare Species Occurrence

Biogeographic theory predicts that rare species occur more often in larger, less‐isolated habitat patches and suggests that patch size and connectivity are positive predictors of patch quality for conservation. However, in areas substantially modified by humans, rare species may be relegated to the most isolated patches. We used data from plant surveys of 81 meadow patches in the Georgia Basin of Canada and the United States to show that presence of threatened and endangered plants was positively predicted for patches that were isolated on small islands surrounded by ocean and for patches that were isolated by surrounding forest. Neither patch size nor connectivity were positive predictors of rare species occurrence. Thus, in our study area, human influence, presumably due to disturbance or introduction of competitive non‐native species, appears to have overwhelmed classical predictors of rare species distribution, such that greater patch isolation appeared to favor presence of rare species. We suggest conservation planners consider the potential advantages of protecting geographically isolated patches in human‐modified landscapes because such patches may represent the only habitats in which rare species are likely to persist. Influencia Humana y Predictores Biogeográficos Clásicos de la Ocurrencia de Especies Raras     

Seasonal dynamics of macro-algae in the South Lake of Tunis

The macro-algae communities observed in the south lake of Tunis are characterized by the predominance of nitrophilous algae which are in the order of biomass importance:Ulva, Cladophora andEnteromorpha. We have noted seasonal changes of alga distribution. The wind appears to be one of the most important factors influencing this distribution. The total biomass reaches a maximum in the spring. Rapid decomposition of the biomass leads to a severe ecological imbalance, resulting in crises of anoxia and fish death. A restoration project has already started. It aims at removal of contaminated muds and the introduction of a new circulation system. The main objectives of this work were to collect information on the distribution and biomass of the phytobenthic communities as a first step in the constitution of a database for further comparison.     

Patterns and biases of climate change threats in the IUCN Red List

International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List assessments rely on published data and expert inputs, and biases can be introduced where underlying definitions and concepts are ambiguous. Consideration of climate change threat is no exception, and recently numerous approaches to assessing the threat of climate change to species have been developed. We explored IUCN Red List assessments of amphibians and birds to determine whether species listed as threatened by climate change display distinct patterns in terms of habitat occupied and additional nonclimatic threats faced. We compared IUCN Red List data with a published data set of species’ biological and ecological traits believed to infer high vulnerability to climate change and determined whether distributions of climate change‐threatened species on the IUCN Red List concur with those of climate change‐threatened species identified with the trait‐based approach and whether species possessing these traits are more likely to have climate change listed as a threat on the IUCN Red List. Species in some ecosystems (e.g., grassland, shrubland) and subject to particular threats (e.g., invasive species) were more likely to have climate change as a listed threat. Geographical patterns of climate change‐threatened amphibians and birds on the IUCN Red List were incongruent with patterns of global species richness and patterns identified using trait‐based approaches. Certain traits were linked to increases or decreases in the likelihood of a species being threatened by climate change. Broad temperature tolerance of a species was consistently related to an increased likelihood of climate change threat, indicating counterintuitive relationships in IUCN assessments. To improve the robustness of species assessments of the vulnerability or extinction risk associated with climate change, we suggest IUCN adopt a more cohesive approach whereby specific traits highlighted by our results are considered in Red List assessments. To achieve this and to strengthen the climate change‐vulnerability assessments approach, it is necessary to identify and implement logical avenues for further research into traits that make species vulnerable to climate change (including population‐level threats).