加强监管,实施生产者责任延伸制度,防止电子废物污染环境

本文针对我国进入家用电器报废淘汰高峰期的现状,简析了电子废物对环境和人体健康造成的危害,着重分析了我国青岛市及德国、瑞士、日本等发达国家电子废物处理处置的现状。针对我国出现的问题,提出对电子废物处置行业加强监管,采取实施生产者责任延伸制度等措施,学习借鉴欧洲、日本等国政府所采用的电子废弃物管理措施及处置技术,切实防止电子废物对环境造成的污染。     

国家环境保护总局 关于加强废弃电子电气设备环境管理的公告

各省、自治区、直辖市环境保护局(厅):随着我国经济的快速发展,社会消费水平的不断提高,电子电气设备废弃量迅速增长,已经成为不可忽视的环境污染源。近年来,个别地区使用简陋设备和落后工艺回收利用废弃电子电气设备(以下简称电子废物),对当地环境造成了严重污染。为加强电子废物的环境管理,防止污染环境,促进以环境无害化方式回收利用和处置电子废物,变废为宝,化害为利,根据《固体废物污染环境防治法》有关规定,现公告如下:一、产生电子废物的单位,包括电子电气设备制造企业、电子电气设备维修服务企业和大量使用电子电气设备的企事业单位…     

我国电子废物污染现状及环保利用浅析

通过分析与电子废物回收处理密切联系的工艺技术、规划管理和各种外部环境等因素,剖析我国电子废物处理产业面临的障碍,并提出解决建议。     

EPR在电子废物管理中的应用

指出电子废物具有商品性、外部性、公共物品三个经济学属性,以及在市场条件下上述属性所带来的市场失灵问题。研究了延伸生产者责任的理念、框架和种类,总结了电子废物延伸生产者责任制度的两种执行方式。借鉴国外先进经验、针对我国实际现状,提出了分阶段完善我国电子废物管理体制的政策建议。     

构建有色金属矿山二级生态工业研究

为了解决有色金属矿山所面临的环境污染和资源短缺的问题,提出了绿色矿山的发展模式,构建有色金属矿山二级生态工业体系是实现绿色矿山的重要途径。有色金属矿山二级生态工业体系依据工业生态学原理,以实现工业资源的有限输入和工业废物的有限输出为目的,具体通过矿山清洁生产、预防废物产生、废物循环利用及最小量废物必要处置等途径实现。     

西安市医疗废物管理信息系统建设初探

近年来,西安市医疗废物产量不断增加,给目前的医疗废物监控管理工作带来极大的不便。为了加强医疗废物处置监管力度,提高相关部门的工作效率,文章以西安市医疗废物监控管理的需求出发,从医疗废物信息管理、交接登记、电子联单管理、电子转运卡管理、转移监管、电子地图、视频监控、处置监控、台账管理、信息查询、统计分析等方面进行分析,应用互联网技术,构建了一套信息化的医疗废物管理信息系统。该系统对西安市医疗废物存储、转移和处置的监控和管理具有十分重要的现实意义。     

论电子废物管理中的延伸生产者责任原则

介绍了近年来发达国家在废物管制政策中引入的延伸生产者责任原则的概念和实践经验，着重分析对比了其在各国电子废物管理中的具体应用，结合我国电子产业和再生资源产业发展的现状，探讨了这一原则对我国电子废物管理立法的借鉴意义。     

前沿动态

全球急需严控电子废物日前,《控制危险废物越境转移及其处置巴塞尔公约》(目的是遏制越境特别是向发展中国家转移危险废物)的第八次缔约方大会召开。联合国环境规划署执行主任指出,越来越多的电子废物成为日益严峻的事实,现已多达每年5000万吨,电子废物所含重金属和氯化物对环境和人类健康构成威胁,而贫穷国家正在成为倾倒电子废物的垃圾场。中日韩促进东北亚可持续发展近日,中日韩三国环境部长联合签署《第八次中日韩环境部长会议联合公报》,并指出中国提出的“新时期中国环境保护工作的三个转变”,日本提出的“环境、经济和社会综合改善”…     

电子废物回收处理中的法律责任分担

随着《电子废物污染环境防治管理办法》和《废弃电器电子产品处理基金征收使用管理办法》等法规的相继实施,电子废物的回收处理工作又一次成为社会关注的焦点。其中,《电子废物污染环境防治管理办法》第14条（电子电器产品、电子电气设备的生产者应当依据国家有关法律、行政法规或者规章的规定,限制或者淘汰有毒有害物质在产品或者设备中的使用……电子电器产品、电子电气设备的生产者、进口者和销售者,应当依据国家有关规定建立回收系统,回收废弃产品或者设备,并负责以环境无害化方式贮存、利用或者处置）和《废弃电器电子产品处理基金征收使用管理办法》第4条（电器电子产品生产者、进口电器电子产品的收货人或者其代理人应当按照本办法的规定履行基金缴纳义务）分别规定了电子产品生产商的回收处置责任,由此可以看出国家试图通过“生产者责任延伸制度”的贯彻来规范我国电子废物回收处理市场。     

烟台绿环再生资源有限公司

烟台绿环再生资源有限公司成立于2004年3月,注册资本10,127万元,占地面积46万m2,是集普通废物资源化利用、电子废物拆解处置、危险废物无害化处置为一体的循环经济型企业。公司现已建成了危险废物处置中心、废弃电器电子产品回收处置中心、山东省固体废物资源化研发中心等,形成产学研为一体,功能区完善的加工利用基地。年综合处理能力达50万吨,处置电子废物300万台(套),处置和资源     

Present status of the recycling of waste electrical and electronic equipment in Korea

In Korea due to rapid economical growth followed by urbanisation, breakage of large traditional families into small nuclear families, continuous changes in equipment features and capabilities causes tremendous increase in sale of new electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) and decrease in sale of used EEE. Subsequently, the ever-increasing quantity of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) has become a serious social problem and threat to the environment. Therefore, the gradual increase in the generation of WEEE intensifies the interest for recycling to conserve the resources and protect the environment. In view of the above, a review has been made related to the present status of the recycling of waste electrical and electronic equipment in Korea. This paper describes the present status of generation and recycling of waste electrical and electronic equipment, namely TVs, refrigerators, washing machines, air conditioners, personal computers and mobile phones in Korea. The commercial processes and the status of developing new technologies for the recycling of metallic values from waste printed circuit boards (PCBs) is also described briefly. Since 1998, three recycling centers are in full operation to recycle WEEE such as refrigerators, washing machines and air conditioners, having the total capacity of 880,000 units/year. All waste TVs are recently recycled on commission basis by several private recycling plants. The recycling of waste personal computers and mobile phones is insignificant in comparison with the amount of estimated obsolete those. Korea has adopted and enforced the extended producer responsibility (EPR) system. Korea is making consistent efforts to improve the recycling rate to the standards indicated in the EU directives for WEEE. Especially environmentally friendly and energy-saving technologies are being developed to recycle metal values from PCBs of WEEE.     

废弃LCD的处理及其铟的回收技术

伴随着我国电子产业的蓬勃发展,电子产品生产及其废弃产生的金属资源浪费问题也日趋严重,国家在“十二五”规划中提出了新型液晶显示屏（LCD）的开发及其资源化回收处理,可见LCD的处理和从其废弃物中提取铟的技术亟待深入研究。本文介绍了LCD显示屏和主要含铟部件ITO材料之间的关系、生产和使用状况,重点详述了LCD和ITO材料资源化处理的研究现状,系统地总结了铟的回收方法,并展望了未来电子废弃物的处理方向。     

Electronic waste recycling: A review of U.S. infrastructure and technology options

The useful life of consumer electronic devices is relatively short, and decreasing as a result of rapid changes in equipment features and capabilities. This creates a large waste stream of obsolete electronic equipment, electronic waste (e-waste).Even though there are conventional disposal methods for e-waste, these methods have disadvantages from both the economic and environmental viewpoints. As a result, new e-waste management options need to be considered, for example, recycling. But electronic recycling has a short history, so there is not yet a solid infrastructure in place.In this paper, the first half describes trends in the amount of e-waste, existing recycling programs, and collection methods. The second half describes various methods available to recover materials from e-waste. In particular, various recycling technologies for the glass, plastics, and metals found in e-waste are discussed. For glass, glass-to-glass recycling and glass-to-lead recycling technologies are presented. For plastics, chemical (feedstock) recycling, mechanical recycling, and thermal recycling methods are analyzed. Recovery processes for copper, lead, and precious metals such as silver, gold, platinum, and palladium are reviewed. These processes are described and compared on the basis of available technologies, resources, and material input–output systems.     

废旧电脑拆解工艺与资源化案例研究

以某再生资源公司的废旧电脑拆解为案例进行研究,介绍了工艺技术、拆解回收各种资源的数据。研究结果表明,我国废旧电脑人工拆解-破碎-冶炼相结合的工艺,是电子废弃物循环利用、资源高效回收、减少环境风险的较好工艺技术,符合固废处理的3R(替代、减少、优化)原则。     

Global disposal strategies for waste cathode ray tubes

The collection and management of waste electrical and electronic appliances around the world, and the possible negative environmental consequences have been an issue of current debate. Cathode ray tubes (CRTs) used as display screen for computer monitors and televisions contains large quantities of lead, estimated at between 0.5 and 4 kg, depending on the size of the CRT and has been identified as the most polluting of all electronic waste components. Having failed the tests used in the toxicity characterization of solid wastes, CRTs have been declared ‘hazardous’ and subsequently banned from landfills and incinerators in most developed countries. Presently, large quantities of CRTs are generated globally with only few developed countries having effective take back and sound management program. Meanwhile, large quantities of CRT-containing devices are being moved across frontiers into developing countries in the name of ‘reuse’ and ‘bridging the digital divide’. With near absence of recycling infrastructure for electronic wastes in most developing countries, waste CRTs are disposed of with MSW at open dumps and unsanitary landfills. This paper reviews the current practices in the management of CRTs around the world, with emphasis on the role of regulations, availability of recycling infrastructure, recycling/reuse routes, and export into developing countries. Inappropriate disposal of waste CRTs creates the opportunity for large-scale environmental contamination with heavy metals, especially lead. Appropriate disposal routes are required globally in the management of CRTs in order to mitigate environmental contamination and human exposure to toxins.     

Sound management of brominated flame retarded (BFR) plastics from electronic wastes: State of the art and options in Nigeria

Management of flame retarded plastics from waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) has been posing a major challenge to waste management experts because of the potential environmental contamination issues especially the formation of polybrominated-dioxins and -furans (PBDD/F) during processing. In Nigeria, large quantities of electronic waste (e-waste) are currently being managed—a significant quantity of which is imported illegally as secondhand electronics. As much as 75% of these illegal imports are never reused but are rather discarded. These waste electronic devices are mostly older equipment that contains brominated flame retardants (BFRs) such as penta-brominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) which are presently banned in Europe under the EU WEEE and RoHS Directives. Risk assessment studies found both to be persistent, bio-accumulative and toxic. The present management practices for waste plastics from WEEE in Nigeria, such as open burning and disposal at open dumps, creates potential for serious environmental pollution. This paper reviews the options in the environmentally sound management of waste plastics from electronic wastes. Options available include mechanical recycling, reprocessing into chemicals (chemical feedstock recycling) and energy recovery. The Creasolv^® and Centrevap^® processes, which are the outcome of the extensive research at achieving sound management of waste plastics from WEEE in Europe, are also reviewed. These are solvent-based methods of removing BFRs and they presently offer the best commercial and environmental option in the sound management of waste BFR-containing plastics. Because these developments have not been commercialized, WEEE and WEEE plastics are still being exported to developing countries. The industrial application of these processes and the development of eco-friendlier alternative flame retardants will help assure sound management of WEEE plastics.     

废弃电池能否进入废弃电器电子产品处理目录(第二批)管理的筛选评估分析

2009年2月,国务院发布《废弃电器电子产品回收处理管理条例》,成为我国废弃电器电子产品回收处理的纲领性文件。在《废弃电器电子产品处理目录(第一批)》中,明确将电视机、电冰箱、洗衣机、房间空调器、微型计算机等5种产品纳入第一批目录。同时,为了为了能够及时、客观地与经济发展、技术进步以及电器电子产品行业的发展变化等相适应,《目录》管理委员会起草了《制订和调整废弃电器电子产品处理目录的若干规定》,明确随着经济发展变化及电子产品废弃形势调整电器电子产品处理目录的原则。废弃电池在近几年来在我国增长速度很大,将来的管理形势十分紧迫。本文在此分析我国几种废弃电池(铅酸电池、镍氢电池及锂电池)的产生量、再生处理处置情况及管理政策导向。并在目录一批筛选原则的基础上利用权重分析法,筛选评估废弃电池能否进入废弃电器电子产品处理目录(第二批)管理的可能,研究显示铅酸电池已具备进入管理目录的资质。     

Facilitating substance phase‐out through material information systems and improving environmental impacts in the recycling stage of a product

The amount of electrical and electronic products is increasing rapidly, and this inevitably leads to the generation of large quantities of waste from these goods. Some of the generated e‐waste ends up in regions with sub‐standard recycling systems and may be processed under poor conditions. During uncontrolled incineration, halogenated dioxins and furans can be generated from brominated and chlorinated compounds in the products. In order to reduce the health and environmental risks involved in the recycling stage of the life cycle of electronics, an effective design‐for‐environment process must be established during the product development phase. Knowledge of the chemical substances in the product is crucial to being able to make informed decisions. Through full knowledge of the material content of procured components, phase‐outs of unwanted substances, such as halogenated substances, can be performed in an effective manner. Therefore, information is the key to success in phasing‐out substances; facilitating compliance of legal provisions for manufacturers of electrical and electronic devices; and improving the environmental footprint of products as they reach the end of the life cycle. After an introduction to the challenges of electronics waste management, this paper describes supply chain information systems and how they are used to facilitate substance phase‐outs in the electronics industry. Sony Ericsson has been working with phase‐outs of unwanted substances since it was founded in 2001. Through the introduction of a material declaration system that keeps track of all substances in the components used in the company's products, Sony Ericsson has been able to replace unwanted substances to improve environmental impacts at the recycling stage of a product.     

E‐waste in the world today: An overview of problems and a proposal for improvement in Brazil

Environmental issues have been at the center of society's concerns for a long time. Recently, this kind of concern is growing even more due to the damage caused to the environment by electrical and electronic product waste. Based on this same concern, this work aimed to analyze, through a literature review, the production and treatment of electronic waste in today's world, with an emphasis on Brazil and China. The articles reviewed point to an increase in the production of this type of waste, in both Brazil and China, and reveal that the current processes of treatment of electronic waste mostly aim to obtain profit through the recovery of precious metals such as copper. This paper concluded that although Brazil is one of the major producers of e‐waste, more than 90% of its e‐waste has not had a proper final destination. This deficiency in e‐waste treatment in Brazil is mainly due to financial factors and the lack of a robust educational policy focused on the environment. Thus, this work suggests the implementation of an effective educational policy aimed at environmental conservation, as well as investments in research on recycling methods in Brazil, especially on the use of e‐waste as an aggregate in the manufacture of concrete.     

废印刷线路板处置和非金属回收利用研究进展

废印刷线路板的资源化处置一直是电子废弃物处理的热点和难点,目前有多种方法已经投入应用或者在研究阶段,这些方法在分离效率、回收率、操作简单性、本身环境友好性、有无二次污染等方面有不同的优缺点。目前主流的广泛采用的方法是分步处理,破碎后利用物理方法进行分选,得到的金属和非金属组分再分别进行进一步的回收利用。本文对近年来废印刷线路板的总体处置技术和物理分选后非金属的回收利用的研究进行了总结,并对将来的研究方向进行了展望,为废印刷线路板资源化再利用产业化发展提供参考。