整治塔里木河上、中游用水结构,恢复和重建下游绿色走廊

塔里木河下游的卡拉到罗布庄(台特马湖口)，河道长度491kin，塔河中、上游大规模水土开发，使其下游的水量不断减少。从20世纪70年代开始，大西海子水库就成了塔里木河最终归宿地，两大沙漠在绿色走廊的多处合拢。绿色走廊生态危机已越来越显露出来，遏制塔河下游生态恶化趋势刻不容缓，重新构筑绿色长城不能在延误了。笔者于2002-10月和2004—05月先后两次对塔河中、下游地区进行实地考察，在实地考察和前人研究资料的基础上，对整治塔河上、中游，恢复和重建下游绿色走廊问题进行探讨。     

《新疆环境保护》2004年第26卷总目录

第 1期开展清洁生产是协调新疆工业经济发展与环境保护的必由之路张　鹏　温玉彪　陈　平等 (0 1)……………新疆和田河绿色走廊演变机制及生态环境保护初析高素芳　李志忠　刘自强等 (0 6 )…………………………阜康绿洲景观空间格局分析刘卫国　程维民　潘晓玲等 (0 9)………     

试论塔里木河流域绿色走廊的保护与恢复

绿色走廊的兴旺与衰退直接影响着塔里木河流域的生态环境，通过对绿色走廊历史与现状的综合评估，总结出影响绿色走廊衰退的成因，并对它的恢复和发展提出了治理措施。     

塔里木河胡杨林生境特性及其治理措施

概述了塔里木河绿色走廊－胡杨林的分布、植物学、生物生态学特性，分析了塔河流域生境恶化的现状及原因，并提出治理和改善塔河生态环境，保护绿色走廊的措施和方法。     

新疆乌伦古湖水生态环境保护对策研究

新疆乌伦古湖是典型的干旱地区闭流型湖泊,自然环境因素及长期的人类活动干扰导致了湖泊面积不断萎缩、湖泊水盐关系失衡、矿化度不断升高,这对原本脆弱的水生态系统造成严重影响.基于历史数据资料和实地调查,分析乌伦古湖当前存在的主要水生态环境问题,分析乌伦古湖自然环境演变及人为活动对乌伦古湖生态环境影响,探讨乌伦古湖水生态环境退...     

基于两山理论的山东省绿色发展差异演化探究

基于山东省17地市2008—2017年的面板数据,依据绿色发展测量指标和极值熵值法,测算城市群绿色化指数,并基于面板Tobit模型探究其影响因素。研究结果表明:山东半岛城市群绿色化水平整体呈现逐年上升的时序特征,城市间绿色发展指数截面差异明显;经济山和生态山子系呈现稳步增长的时序动态演变特征;2017年子系统绿色化水平的演变轨迹与2008年差异明显;经济增长、城镇化、科技发展、环境保护促进绿色发展水平提升,工业化和资源消耗抑制了绿色发展。     

加快塔里木河干流治理与环境建设的设想

在阐明塔里木河绿色屏障衰败、下游河床断流，河道退缩266km，绿色走廊濒临灭亡的严重后果的基础上，提出了：“在全流域的治理上，应把塔里木河干流的治理、恢复下游绿色走廊作为流域治理的首要任务给予优先考虑”的思想，并进而提出了“监控源流，着力治理干流”的指导思想。在治理对策上，提出了“开发与治理相结合，林、牧、农、副各业综合开发，设立‘塔河干流沿岸经济开发区’，用效益吸引投资，以开发带动治理”的设想。借以使保护塔河绿色屏障，恢复绿色走廊，改善沿岸人民生产和生活条件的目标能快速实现。     

基于RS-GIS的大连金州区土地利用生态风险时空分布研究CSSCI

为探究快速发展地区的土地利用和覆被变化规律,解译大连金州区2005年、2010年、2015年三期Landsat TM影像,构造综合生态风险指数模型,以街道作为生态风险评价单元,基于GIS和地统计学方法,将土地利用结构转化为生态风险变量,通过土地利用类型的时空转移探究生态风险演变,揭示金州区"十五"到"十二五"以来土地利用变化引起的生态风险时空分布规律。结果表明:2005—2015年金州区土地利用发生变化的面积达1164.9km2,占总面积的85.45%,建设用地面积增加,耕地、林地等面积减少,综合生态风险指数由2005年的0.1073增加到2015年的0.1506,增加了28.75%;高风险区集中在南部和西部地区,较低风险区集中在中部和东北部的山地地区,生态风险变化大致呈现递阶结构,由东北向西南逐渐增加,这与人口与经济的集聚等因素相关。研究结果揭示了城市化快速发展下,金州区土地利用人为干扰的空间差异。该结论可为金州未来建立生态型新城新区以及土地利用规划提供科学依据。     

白城市生态立市与工业强市相得益彰

<正>坚持生态立市,突出环保优先地位;开展清洁行动,改善提升环境质量;强化工程支撑,抓好生态修复保护;实施专项治理,推动绿色低碳发展;持续强化监管,提升环境治理能力。曾经的白城,由于自然和人为多种因素影响,生态变得较为脆弱,一度产生了"进了洮南府,先吃二两土,白天吃不够,晚上还得补"的苦痛     

新疆乌伦古湖表层沉积物重金属形态及污染水平

乌伦古湖沉积物中重金属元素的释放可能影响湖水质量及生态健康.自然环境及人为活动因素干扰导致了湖泊面积不断萎缩,通过采集乌伦古湖共8个点位的表层沉积物,检测了汞、砷、铅、镉、铜、锌、铬等7种重金属的含量,并用BCR连续提取法分析重金属形态,用内梅罗综合污染指数分析其污染程度.结果表明,乌伦古湖沉积物中重金属含量均可达到海...     

Toward participatory decision-making in river corridor management: two case studies from the European Alps

River managers are aware that river restoration entails addressing and effectively solving wicked social-ecological problems. Contemporary river corridor management is characterized by a variety of actors with different perspectives and interests, and by complex institutional settings and legal landscapes. Additionally, at the intersection between litho-, hydro-, and biological fields, new research suggests that river restoration should reactivate matter and energy fluxes, re-establish spatial connections with the floodplains, and enhance aquatic and terrestrial habitats without exacerbating flood risk. First, we outline a general structure of participatory river corridor management that addresses the following key requirements: (1) unambiguous, participatory spatial delineation of the river corridor; (2) comprehensive assessment of the river corridor's hydro-geomorphological, ecological, socio-economic and cultural processes; (3) transparency and consistency of the decision-making process; as well as (4) a coherent envisioning process. Subsequently, we present an overview of two river corridor management processes, conducted in South Tyrol, Italy. Specifically, we analysed the Etsch/Adige River corridor between Laas/Lasa and Glurns/Glorenza in the Upper Vinschgau/Venosta valley characterized by intense agricultural land use and the densely populated Eisack/Isarco River corridor in Brixen/Bressanone. Based on structured interviews with project managers, we highlight strengths and shortcomings of the proposed participatory management and envisage procedural improvements.     

Protecting River Corridors in Vermont1

Kline, Michael and Barry Cahoon, 2010. Protecting River Corridors in Vermont. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(2):227-236. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2010.00417.x Abstract: The Vermont Agency of Natural Resources’ current strategy for restoring aquatic habitat, water quality, and riparian ecosystem services is the protection of fluvial geomorphic-based river corridors and associated wetland and floodplain attributes and functions. Vermont has assessed over 1,350 miles of stream channels to determine how natural processes have been modified by channel management activities, corridor encroachments, and land use/land cover changes. Nearly three quarters of Vermont field-assessed reaches are incised limiting access to floodplains and thus reducing important ecosystem services such as flood and erosion hazard mitigation, sediment storage, and nutrient uptake. River corridor planning is conducted with geomorphic data to identify opportunities and constraints to mitigating the effects of physical stressors. Corridors are sized based on the meander belt width and assigned a sensitivity rating based on the likelihood of channel adjustment due to stressors. The approach adopted by Vermont is fundamentally based on restoring fluvial processes associated with dynamic equilibrium, and associated habitat features. Managing toward fluvial equilibrium is taking hold across Vermont through adoption of municipal fluvial erosion hazard zoning and purchase of river corridor easements, or local channel and floodplain management rights. These tools signify a shift away from primarily active management approaches of varying success that largely worked against natural river form and process, to a current community-based, primarily passive approach to accommodate floodplain reestablishment through fluvial processes.     

Riparian vegetation dynamics and evapotranspiration in the riparian corridor in the delta of the Colorado River, Mexico

Like other great desert rivers, the Colorado River in the United States and Mexico is highly regulated to provide water for human use. No water is officially allotted to support the natural ecosystems in the delta of the river in Mexico. However, precipitation is inherently variable in this watershed, and from 1981-2004, 15% of the mean annual flow of the Lower Colorado River has entered the riparian corridor below the last diversion point for water in Mexico. These flows include flood releases from US dams and much smaller administrative spills released back to the river from irrigators in the US and Mexico. These flows have germinated new cohorts of native cottonwood and willow trees and have established an active aquatic ecosystem in the riparian corridor in Mexico. We used ground and remote-sensing methods to determine the composition and fractional cover of the vegetation in the riparian corridor, its annual water consumption, and the sources of water that support the ecosystem. The study covered the period 2000-2004, a flood year followed by 4 dry years. The riparian corridor occupies 30,000ha between flood control levees in Mexico. Annual evapotranspiration (ET), estimated by Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) satellite imagery calibrated against moisture flux tower data, was about 1.1myr(-1) and was fairly constant throughout the study period despite a paucity of surface flows 2001-2004. Total ET averaged 3.4x10(8)m(3)yr(-1), about 15% of Colorado River water entering Mexico from the US Surface flows could have played only a small part in supporting these high ET losses. We conclude that the riparian ET is supported mainly by the shallow regional aquifer, derived from agricultural return flows, that approaches the surface in the riparian zone. Nevertheless, surface flows are important in germinating cohorts of native trees, in washing salts from the soil and aquifer, and in providing aquatic habitat, thereby enriching the habitat value of the riparian corridor for birds and other wildlife. Conservation and water management strategies to enhance the delta habitats are discussed in light of the findings.     

Agro-Ecological Analysis for the EU Water Framework Directive: An Applied Case Study for the River Contract of the Seveso Basin (Italy)

The innovative approach to the protection and management of water resources at the basin scale introduced by the European Union water framework directive (WFD) requires new scientific tools. WFD implementation also requires the participation of many stakeholders (administrators, farmers and citizens) with the aim of improving the quality of river waters and basin ecosystems through cooperative planning. This approach encompasses different issues, such as agro-ecology, land use planning and water management. This paper presents the results of a methodology suggested for implementing the WFD in the case of the Seveso river contract in Italy, one of the recent WFD applications. The Seveso basin in the Lombardy region has been one of the most rapidly urbanizing areas in Italy over the last 50?years. First, land use changes in the last 50?years are assessed with the use of historical aerial photos. Then, elements of an ecological network along the river corridor are outlined, and different scenarios for enhancing existing ecological connections are assessed using indicators from graph theory. These scenarios were discussed in technical workshops with involved stakeholders of the river contract. The results show a damaged rural landscape, where urbanization processes have decimated the system of linear green features (hedges/rows). Progressive reconnections of some of the identified network nodes may significantly increase the connectivity and circuitry of the study area.     

Combining Analytical Hierarchy Process and Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering in Search of Expert Consensus in Green Corridors Development Management

Environmental management and planning are instrumental in resolving conflicts arising between societal needs for economic development on the one hand and for open green landscapes on the other hand. Allocating green corridors between fragmented core green areas may provide a partial solution to these conflicts. Decisions regarding green corridor development require the assessment of alternative allocations based on multiple criteria evaluations. Analytical Hierarchy Process provides a methodology for both a structured and consistent extraction of such evaluations and for the search for consensus among experts regarding weights assigned to the different criteria. Implementing this methodology using 15 Israeli experts—landscape architects, regional planners, and geographers—revealed inherent differences in expert opinions in this field beyond professional divisions. The use of Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering allowed to identify clusters representing common decisions regarding criterion weights. Aggregating the evaluations of these clusters revealed an important dichotomy between a pragmatist approach that emphasizes the weight of statutory criteria and an ecological approach that emphasizes the role of the natural conditions in allocating green landscape corridors.     

塔里木河干流区退耕还林（草）改善生态措施探讨

在国家实施西部大开发战略,提出退耕还林（草）,再造山川秀美的历史机遇面前,针对塔里木河干流区尤其是下游绿色走廊生态环境恶化的现实问题,分析产生问题的具体原因,阐明在合理开发、利用和配置水资源的前提下,退耕还林（草）是改善生态环境的有力措施以及实施退耕还林（草）对改善该区域生态环境的作用和意义,论述退耕还林（草）应掌握和处理好改善生态与经济发展、改善生态与农业结构调整、现代技术应用与传统方式的关系,探讨退耕还林（草）中合理的林草比例及科学的林草结合方式。     

塔河下游胡杨和红柳自然恢复的土壤条件初步研究

主要研究了塔里木河下游中段，随塔里木河下游应急放水，河滩地的胡杨和红柳种子出苗与根系吸水后重新发芽生长等自然恢复措施的同时，分析了河床自然淹水条件下林灌草甸土的水分，盐分和肥力变化状况及其对胡杨和红柳乔灌木植被种子出苗和地下水位的升高对升灌木根系重新发芽生长的效果。根据对塔河下游定点观测取样分析结果来看，淹水林灌草甸土不但是自然恢复保护塔河下游绿色走廓的根本基础，而且是恢复与保护绿色走廓的一项有效措施。     

河长制背景下我国河流治理价值取向研究

河流治理问题不仅关乎国家经济问题,而且涉及人民根本利益,所以在面对严峻的河流问题,探寻其症结所在,探索河流治理价值取向则显得尤为重要。河长制作为新时代治理河流的治河政策,对于缓解我国河流治理困境以及对河流治理价值取向转向研究有着极其重要的作用。基于河长制的实施背景,从维护河流生态价值的角度出发,通过总结梳理河流治理体制现状,强调研究河流治理价值取向的重要性,通过对河流治理价值取向及其实现路径的理论的研究,辨析河流治理的价值取向,并从意识层面出发、从保障与监督机制以及立法协调角度对河流治理价值取向实现路径进行深入探索,得出其对维护河流生态功能、维持河流生态价值等具有重要意义,为河流管理发展规划提供参考。     

A practical scientific approach to riparian vegetation rehabilitation in Australia

The clearance of indigenous riparian vegetation and removal of large woody debris (LWD) from streams combined with the planting of exotic plant species has resulted in widespread detrimental impacts on the fluvial geomorphology and aquatic ecology of Australian rivers. Vegetation exerts a significant influence on fluvial geomorphology by affecting resistance to flow, bank strength, sediment storage, bed stability and stream morphology and is important for aquatic ecosystem function. As the values of indigenous riparian vegetation are becoming better recognised by Australian river managers, large amounts of money and resources are being invested in the planting of indigenous riparian vegetation as part of river rehabilitation programs. This paper summarises the results of an investigation into the survival, growth and regeneration rates of a series of trial native riparian vegetation plantings on in-channel benches in the Hunter Valley of southeastern Australia. The trials were poorly designed for statistical analysis and the paper highlights a number of shortcomings in the methods used. As a result, a new approach to riparian vegetation rehabilitation is outlined that promotes the use of scientific principles and understanding. Appropriate species should be selected using a combination of remnant vegetation surveys, historical records, palynology and field trials. A number of important factors should be considered in the rehabilitation of riparian vegetation to achieve worthwhile results. These include flood disturbance, vegetation zonation, vegetation succession, substrate composition, corridor planting width, planting techniques, native plant regeneration, LWD recruitment and adaptive ecosystem management. This approach, if adopted, revised and improved by river managers, should result in greater success than has been achieved by previous riparian vegetation rehabilitation efforts in Australia.