Nitrogen cycling of atmosphere-plant-soil system in the typical Calamagrostis angustifolia wetland in the Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China

The nitrogen (N) distribution and cycling of atmosphere-plant-soil system in the typical meadow Calamagrostis angustifolia wetland (TMCW) and marsh meadow Calamagrostis angustifolia wetland (MMCW) in the Sanjiang plain were studied by a compartment model. The results showed that the N wet deposition amount was 0.757 gN/(m2·a), and total inorganic N (TIN) was the main body (0.640 gN/(m2·a)). The ammonia volatilization amounts of TMCW and MMCW soils in growing season were 0.635 and 0.687 gN/m2, and the denitrification gaseous lost amounts were 0.617 and 0.405 gN/m2, respectively. In plant subsystem, the N was mainly stored in root and litter. Soil organic N was the main N storage of the two plant-soil systems and the proportions of it were 93.98% and 92.16%, respectively. The calculation results of N turnovers among compartments of TMCW and MMCW showed that the uptake amounts of root were 23.02 and 28.18 gN/(m2·a) and the values of aboveground were 11.31 and 6.08 gN/(m2·a), the re-translocation amounts from aboveground to root were 5.96 and 2.70 gN/(m2·a), the translocation amounts from aboveground living body to litter were 5.35 and 3.38 gN/(m2·a), the translocation amounts from litter to soil were larger than 1.55 and 3.01 gN/(m2·a), the translocation amounts from root to soil were 14.90 and 13.17 gN/(m2·a), and the soil (0-15cm) N net mineralization amounts were 1.94 and 0.55 gN/(m2·a), respectively. The study of N balance indicated that the two plant-soil systems might be situated in the status of lacking N, and the status might induce the degradation of C. angustifolia wetland.     

黄河口盐沼湿地盐地碱蓬和互花米草凋落物的分解特征

凋落物分解在湿地生态系统中扮演重要的角色。为探索潮汐梯度下凋落物分解过程中质量和营养元素变化情况,采用分解袋的方法,选择盐地碱蓬(Suaeda salsa)和互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)凋落物作为研究对象,沿着潮汐梯度开展凋落物分解的野外实验。结果表明:凋落物分解速率与凋落物类型、土壤盐度、含水率以及潮汐干扰强弱有关;潮汐干扰强的区域互花米草分解快于盐地碱蓬,潮汐干扰弱的区域盐地碱蓬分解快于互花米草,两种凋落物分解速率在0.00134～0.00234 d-1之间。分解末期,凋落物都呈现C和N的净释放,盐地碱蓬凋落物平均释放了36.9%的C和55.8%的N,互花米草凋落物平均释放了53.1%的C和47.1%的N。本研究强调关注潮汐梯度下的凋落物分解,其在调节生物地球化学循环以及碳累积上具有重要意义。     

外源氮输入对生长季黄河口碱蓬-土壤系统磷分布规律的影响

为研究氮负荷不断增强情况下黄河口湿地磷的生物循环状况,选择黄河入海口北部滨岸高潮滩的碱蓬湿地为研究对象,基于野外原位氮（N）输入模拟试验,研究不同氮输入梯度[N0（对照处理）,6.0 g/（m2·a）;N1（低氮处理）,9.0 g/（m2·a）;N2（中氮处理）,12.0 g/（m2·a）;N3（高氮处理）,18.0 g/（m2·a）]下生长季碱蓬湿地植物-土壤系统中w（TP）分布特征的差异.结果表明:外源氮输入对湿地表层（0~10 cm）土壤中w（TP）变化的影响较为明显,N2和N3处理下w（TP）整体高于N0和N1处理.不同氮处理下植物各器官的w（TP）生长初期表现为根>叶>茎,生长旺期和末期表现为叶>根>茎,说明叶是磷的主要累积器官.外源氮输入改变了碱蓬湿地的养分限制状况,随着氮输入量的增加,土壤和植物-土壤系统磷储量、氮供给的增幅远低于植物亚系统,说明氮、磷之间的养分供给存在不同步性.研究显示,在未来黄河口氮养分负荷不断增加的情况下,碱蓬湿地植物-土壤系统极有可能通过加速磷的生物循环来缓解日益加剧的磷养分限制状况,进而使得氮、磷养分之间可能形成正反馈机制,而这将有利于维持湿地系统的稳定与健康.      

Nitrogen cycling of atmosphere-plant-soft system in the typical Calamagrostis angustifolia wetland in the Sanjiang Plain,Northeast China

The nitrogen(N)distribution and cycling of atmosphere-plant-soil system in the typical meadow Calamagrostis angustifolia wetland (TMCW)and marsh meadow Calamagrostis angustifolia wetland(MMCW)in the Sanjiang plain were studied by a compartment model.The results showed that the N wet deposition amount was 0.757 gN/(m~2.a),and total inorganic N(TIN)was the main body (0.640 gN/(m~2.a)).The ammonia volatilization amounts of TMCW and MMCW soils in growing season were 0.635 and 0.687 gN/m~2, and the denitrification gaseous lost amounts were 0.617 and 0.405 gN/m~2,respectively.In plant subsystem,the N was mainly stored in root and litter.Soil organic N was the main N storage of the two plant-soil systems and the proportions of it were 93.98% and 92.16%, respectively.The calculation results of N turnovers among compartments of TMCW and MMCW showed that the uptake amounts of root were 23.02 and 28.18 gN/(m~2.a)and the values of aboveground were 11.31 and 6.08 gN/(m~2.a),the re-translocation amounts from aboveground to root were 5.96 and 2.70 gN/(m~2.a),the translocation amounts from aboveground living body to litter were 5.35 and 3.38 gN/(m~2.a),the translocation amounts from litter to soil were larger than 1.55 and 3.01 gN/(m~2.a),the translocation amounts from root to soil were 14.90 and 13.17 gN/(m~2.a),and the soil(0-15 cm)N net mineralization amounts were 1.94 and 0.55 gN/(m~2.a), respectively.The study of N balance indicated that the two plant-soil systems might be situated in the status of lacking N,and the status might induce the degradation of C.angustifolia wetland.     

Sulfur cycle in the typical meadow Calamagrostis angustifolia wetland ecosystem in the Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China

The sulfur cycle and its compartmental distribution within an atmosphere-plant-soil system was studied using a compartment model in the typical meadow Calamagrostis angustifolia wetland in the Sanjiang Plain Northeast China. The results showed that in the typical meadow C. angustifolia wetland ecosystem, soil was the main storage compartment and current hinge of sulfur in which 98.4% sulfur was accumulated, while only 1.6% sulfur was accumulated in the plant compartment. In the plant subsystem, roots and litters were the main storage compartment of sulfur and they remained 83.5% of the total plant sulfur. The calculations of sulfur turnover through the compartments of the typical meadow C. angustifolia wetland ecosystem demonstrated that the above-ground component took up 0.99 gS/m2 from the root, of which 0.16 gS/m2 was translocated to the roots and 0.83 gS/m2 to the litter. The roots took in 1.05 gS/m2 from the soil, subsequent translocation back to the soil accounted for 1.31 gS/m2, while there was 1.84 gS/m2 in the litter and the net transfer of sulfur to the soil was more than 0.44 gS/(m2·a). The emission of H2S from the typical meadow C. angustifolia wetland ecosystem to the atmosphere was 1.83 mgS/(m2·a), while carbonyl sulfide (COS) was absorbed by the typical meadow C. angustifolia wetland ecosystem from the atmosphere at the rate of 1.76 mgS/(m2·a). The input of sulfur by the rainfall to the ecosystem was 4.85 mgS/m2 during the growing season. The difference between input and output was 4.78 mgS/m2, which indicated that sulfur was accumulated in the ecosystem and may cause wetland acidify in the future.     

人为干扰对闽江河口短叶茳芏湿地N2O排放的影响

采用静态箱-气相色谱法和浮箱-气相色谱法,分别对闽江河口潮间带短叶茳芏(Cyperus malaccensis var. brevifolius)湿地、互花米草(Spartina alterniflora Loisel)入侵斑块湿地、输入养分的短叶茳芏湿地和踩踏形成的裸露湿地N2O通量进行测定,以研究不同的人为干扰方式对短叶茳芏湿地N2O通量的影响.结果表明:互花米草入侵斑块N2O通量[15.37μg/(m2·h)]低于短叶茳芏湿地[18.77μg/(m2·h)],互花米草入侵降低了短叶茳芏湿地的N2O排放,互花米草入侵的减排作用与潮汐关系密切,而与植物生长季节关系不明显;养分输入显著增加了短叶茳芏湿地N2O排放.秋季,养分输入后,短叶茳芏湿地N2O排放平均值为163.72μg/(m2·h),春季,养分输入后,高潮淹水时和高潮无淹水时,短叶茳芏湿地N2O排放平均值分别为227.62μg/(m2·h)和1178.64μg/(m2·h),极显著高于对照,高潮淹水时N2O排放峰值出现较高潮无淹水时早,N2O通量远低于高潮无淹水时;踩踏形成的裸露湿地N2O平均通量为-0.76μg/(m2·h),表明踩踏降低了短叶茳芏湿地N2O通量,但降低程度因植物的生长季节和潮汐环境的差异而不同.     

滨海沼泽湿地转化为养殖塘对其碳储量的影响

以闽江河口为研究区域,配对采集芦苇(Phragmites australis)湿地、短叶茳芏(Cyperus malaccensis)湿地和互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)湿地的植物、土壤(0～100cm)及由其围垦而成的水产养殖塘沉积物(0～100cm)样品,测定其有机碳含量,计算生态系统碳储量...     

黄河口滨岸潮滩湿地植物-土壤系统有机碳空间分布特征

了解黄河三角洲滨海湿地有机碳状况是开展我国典型砂质和淤泥型海滩湿地生物地球化学过程及湿地生态修复研究的基础,通过对黄河三角洲自然保护区新生滨海湿地植物-土壤系统有机碳的空间分布特征及其影响因子的研究表明,不同类型湿地植物碳含量差异性不大,而植物碳密度变化幅度较大,且其空间变化趋势与植物生物量空间分布格局相似,均呈M型.表层土壤有机碳含量范围在0.75～8.35 g·kg-1之间,明显低于淡水沼泽湿地生态系统, 土壤有机碳密度分布趋势与土壤有机碳含量基本一致.相关分析表明,pH值与土壤有机碳密度呈负相关,土壤TN、C/N、含盐量与土壤有机碳密度呈线性正相关性,而土壤有机碳密度、土壤TN、C/N、pH值、含盐量与植物碳密度相关性不显著.     

黄土丘陵区典型植被枯落物坡面分布及混入土壤对土壤性状的影响

黄土丘陵区植被的恢复可能影响枯落物分布特征,进而对土壤性状产生影响。论文选取刺槐（Robinia pseudoacacia）人工林、柠条（Caragana intermedia）人工林、铁杆蒿（Artemisia gmelini）群落和白羊草（Bothriochloa ischaemum）群落4种典型植被样地,研究其枯落物坡面（坡长40~80 m）分布特征及自然条件混入土壤中对土壤理化性状的影响。结果表明：1）4种典型植被样地地表枯落物蓄积量（143.89~833.04 g/m²）、盖度（0.36~0.63）和厚度（0.77~2.03 cm）均表现为刺槐人工林>柠条人工林>铁杆蒿群落>白羊草群落;土壤中枯落物混入量（178.80~657.21 g/m²）和混入深度（1.33~2.29 cm）均表现为刺槐人工林>铁杆蒿群落>柠条人工林>白羊草群落;土壤中枯落物混入量占枯落物总蓄积量的比例（45.91%~74.02%）表现为铁杆蒿群落>柠条人工林>白羊草群落>刺槐人工林。2）4种典型植被样地地表枯落物蓄积量和土壤中枯落物混入量均为坡下高于坡上,受径流冲刷和泥沙分离—输移—沉积过程的影响,枯落物地表蓄积量和土壤混入量在坡中波动较大;随枯落物地表盖度的增加,地表枯落物蓄积量呈指数函数增加（P<0.01）,且随地表枯落物蓄积量的增加,土壤中枯落物混入量呈对数函数增加（P<0.01）。3）土壤容重、粘结力和水稳性团聚体几何平均直径（WAS-GMD）随土壤中枯落物混入量的增大而线性降低（P<0.01）,土壤有机碳和全氮含量在铁杆蒿群落和白羊草群落中均随土壤中枯落物混入量的增大而线性增加（P<0.05）。该研究将为评价黄土高原退耕还林还（草）工程生态成效、修正土壤侵蚀预报模型提供重要依据。     

黄河三角洲不同淹水条件下芦苇和盐地碱蓬凋落物的分解与重金属归还特征

以黄河三角洲芦苇(Phragmites australis)和盐地碱蓬(Suaeda salsa)的凋落物为研究对象,研究不同淹水条件下芦苇和盐地碱蓬凋落物的分解与重金属的归还特征。结果表明:两种淹水条件下,盐地碱蓬凋落物的失重率均高于芦苇凋落物;潮汐淹水条件下芦苇和盐地碱蓬凋落物的失重率均高于短暂淹水处理。在两种淹水条件下,经过分解后芦苇凋落物中As、Cr和Cu的含量增加,潮汐淹水条件下芦苇凋落物的各金属含量均高于短期淹水处理。盐地碱蓬凋落物经过分解后,各重金属含量总体上呈上升变化趋势,潮汐淹水条件下的盐地碱蓬凋落物中As、Cu和Pb的含量均高于短期淹水处理。两种淹水条件下芦苇和盐地碱蓬凋落物中的Pb和Zn,在分解期间均发生了不同程度的释放。研究结果有助于理解潮汐作用对黄河三角洲芦苇和盐地碱蓬凋落物分解和重金属归还的影响。     

Minor stimulation of soil carbon storage by nitrogen addition: A meta-analysis

It is a well-established concept that nitrogen (N) limits plant growth and ecosystem production. However, whether N limits land carbon (C) sequestration – particularly in soil, the largest pool in the land – remains highly controversial. We conducted a meta-analysis to synthesize 257 studies published in the literature with 512 paired comparisons to quantify the changes of ecosystem C processes in response to N addition. Our results show that N addition significantly increased aboveground, belowground, and litter C pools by 35.7, 23.0, and 20.9%, respectively, across all the studies. Despite the substantial increases in C inputs from vegetation to soil system, N addition resulted in no significant change in C storage of both organic horizon and mineral soil in forests and grasslands, but a significant 3.5% increase in agricultural ecosystems, largely due to less contribution from aboveground production and increases in DOC and soil respiration. Thus, N stimulation of C storage primarily occurred in plant pools but little in soil pools. Moreover, N-induced change in soil C storage was positively related to changes in belowground production but not to those in aboveground growth. Our global synthesis also suggests that earth system models need to treat soil C inputs from aboveground and belowground sources differentially for soil C sequestration in response to N deposition and fertilization.     

闽江口秋茄红树林凋落物产量及分解动态

于2017年以闽江口粗芦岛秋茄(Kandelia obovata)红树林为研究对象,分别采用凋落物收集框和分解袋法,研究秋茄凋落物产量及其碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)含量月动态及凋落叶分解过程中C、N、P含量与水解酶活性.结果表明:①秋茄凋落物年产量为618.79 g·m~(-2)·a~(-1),其中,叶占61.2%,果、枝和花分别占23.7%、10.5%和4.6%.②凋落叶总氮(TN)含量8月显著高于其他月份(p0.05),而TP含量在1—3月显著高于其他月份;C/N在8月显著低于其他月份(p0.05),而C/P及N/P在9月显著升高(p0.05).③在凋落叶分解过程中,C、N、P含量及其化学计量比随时间存在明显差异(p0.01),并且地上组TC、TN、C/N和C/P明显不同于地下组(p0.05).④在分解过程中,4种水解酶随时间存在明显差异(p0.01).⑤凋落叶酸性磷酸酶活性与土壤温度、电导率和凋落叶TP含量存在显著相关关系(p0.01).这些结果说明,秋茄凋落物产量及元素含量随季节变化存在明显差异;沉积作用对凋落叶分解过程中元素含量有显著影响,水解酶活性主要受凋落叶元素含量和土壤环境因子的控制.     

基于神经网络的三江源区草地地上生物量估算

三江源区位于青藏高原腹地,作为长江、黄河、澜沧江三大河流的发源地,是我国重要的水源涵养和生态功能保护区.为了及时准确地获取该区域草地生物量信息,根据三江源区高寒草甸、高寒草原采样点的地上生物量实测值,结合遥感植被指数、海拔、气象观测数据（光合有效辐射、年均气温、年降水量）构建BP神经网络模型,估算2001—2010年三江源区的草地地上生物量,并对其进行分县统计和年际变化分析.结果表明:① 通过多次反复的训练与测验得到的BP神经网络模型,对高寒草甸、高寒草原的地上生物量模拟值与实测值的R2分别为0.73、0.79,表明BP神经网络模型具有较好的模拟效果.② 2001—2010年三江源区草地地上生物量多年平均值为172.34 g/m2,其中高寒草甸为214.81 g/m2,高寒草原为130.07 g/m2.③ 三江源区草地地上生物量的空间分布具有明显的空间异质性,呈从东南向西北递减的趋势.其中,位于东部的河南县草地地上生物量最高,为413.46 g/m2;而北部的曲麻莱最低,仅为69.04 g/m2.④ 2001—2010年三江源区草地地上生物量呈缓慢波动上升趋势,平均升幅为0.93 g/（m2·a）.研究显示,利用站点地上生物量实测数据构建BP神经网络模型并对地上生物量进行模拟,对于分析区域尺度的草地地上生物量分布格局和变化趋势行之有效.      

三江源区退化天然草地和人工草地生物量碳密度特征

生物量碳密度是生态系统表征碳截存能力的重要功能特征之一。为明晰三江源区高寒草地生物量碳密度特征,选取源区内3个县（玛沁县、甘德县、达日县）的退化天然草地（黑土滩）、退化人工草地、未退化天然草地为研究对象,通过野外调查取样和室内分析相结合的方法,对样区地上生物量、根系生物量及其碳密度进行测定与分析。结果表明：“黑土滩”地上生物量高于退化人工草地和天然草地;“黑土滩”活根和死根生物量都低于天然草地和退化人工草地。退化人工草地、“黑土滩”和天然草地的总生物量碳密度分别为719.47、706.57和2 233.09 g/m²。草地退化不仅改变了生态系统的生物量分配,而且改变了地上部分、活根和死根中的碳密度分配比例。退化人工草地和天然草地的活根和死根碳密度占总生物量碳密度的90%以上,“黑土滩”活根和死根碳密度占79.41%。活根碳密度与总生物量碳密度的比值在3种不同草地群落间的变化较地上植被和死根的大,因此,活根碳密度比例可以作为草地退化的敏感指标。     

黄河口典型潮滩湿地土壤净氮矿化与硝化作用

采用PVC顶盖埋管原位培育法研究了黄河口典型潮滩湿地土壤净氮矿化与净硝化作用的动态变化特征、影响因素及净氮矿化/硝化量.结果表明,高潮滩湿地(LW)、中潮滩湿地(JP1)和低潮滩湿地(JP2)0~15cm土壤无机氮含量具有明显的季节变化特征,NH4+-N含量表现为LW＞JP1＞JP2,NO3--N含量则表现为JP1＞LW＞JP2.3种湿地土壤净氮矿化/硝化速率均呈明显的波动变化.生长季的净氮矿化量分别为27.81、11.90和0.33kg/hm2,净硝化量分别为12.09、15.99和1.19kg/hm2,净硝化量占净氮矿化量的百分比分别为43.47%、100.00%和100.00%.相关分析表明,湿地土壤净氮矿化量与土壤水分含量呈显著负相关,而土壤净氮硝化量与土壤pH值呈显著负相关.3种潮滩湿地土壤在维持无机氮方面的能力整体表现为LW＞JP1＞JP2,说明从氮循环角度高潮滩湿地系统最为稳定,而低潮滩湿地系统的稳定性最差.     

杭州湾潮滩湿地3种优势植物碳氮磷储量特征研究

潮滩植物在碳氮磷生物地球化学循环中发挥着重要的作用.为探明杭州湾潮滩湿地植物碳氮磷储量特征,对植物生物量、碳氮磷含量及储量的季节动态进行了分析.结果表明,3种优势植物芦苇(Phragmites australis)、互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)和海三棱藨草(Scirpus mariqueter)地上生物量呈典型的单峰值曲线.地上部有机碳含量全年变化幅度相对较小,氮磷含量随植物生长而明显下降.植物碳氮磷储量与植物生物量显著正相关.海三棱藨草碳氮磷储量显著低于芦苇和互花米草,芦苇地上部总氮储量显著高于互花米草,但总磷储量则相反,有机碳储量两种植物差异不显著.芦苇、互花米草和海三棱藨草年固碳能力分别是中国陆地植被平均固碳能力的380%、376%和55.5%,以及全球植被平均固碳能力的463%、458%和67.7%.从净化氮磷功能上考虑,7月可认为是本研究区域3种植物的最佳收割时间,且以收获互花米草对水体富营养化的限制性因子磷的去处效果最佳.因此,潮滩植物具有较好的储碳固碳能力和氮磷净化效应.     

羊草草原和贝加尔针茅草原生态系统呼吸的差异分析

应用静态暗箱-气相色谱法对羊草草原和贝加尔针茅草原的生态系统呼吸CO2通量进行了测算,分析了生态系统呼吸的影响因素,比较了2种草原生态系统呼吸的差异并分析了产生差异的原因.观测期间羊草草原生态系统呼吸CO2通量平均为(12.03±2.10)mg·(m2·min)-1,显著低于贝加尔针茅草原[(20.09±4.41)mg·(m2·min)-1];而羊草草原生物量显著大于贝加尔针茅草原(p0.001).羊草草原和贝加尔针茅草原生态系统呼吸都与温度(箱内气温、5cm和15cm地温)具有显著的指数函数关系.通过偏相关分析发现,在地温作为控制变量时,生态系统呼吸与土壤Eh、pH间不再具有显著的相关性,Eh、pH对CO2通量的影响可能是由地温变化间接引起的,而CO2通量与活体生物量呈现出了一定的相关性,与凋落物生物量无显著相关性.2种草原的CO2通量都可以用温度指数模型进行很好地模拟,基于地温的模拟效果(R2为0.568～0.639)显著好于基于箱内气温的(R2为0.323～0.426).地温是2种草原生态系统呼吸最重要的影响因素,它掩盖了地上部植物体对生态系统呼吸的影响.在该区域,土壤呼吸占生态系统呼吸比例较高,贝加尔针茅草原较高的有机质含量导致了其生态系统呼吸CO2通量较高.     

闽江河口芦苇与短叶茳芏空间扩展对湿地植物钒生物富集的影响

选择闽江河口鳝鱼滩芦苇与短叶茳芏空间扩展前的芦苇湿地、短叶茳芏湿地以及二者空间扩展过程中的交错带湿地为研究对象，探讨了空间扩展过程中不同湿地植被的钒（V）生物富集特征及其主要影响因素.结果表明，空间扩展影响下不同湿地土壤的V含量在0~40 cm土层均表现为芦苇湿地 > 交错带湿地 > 短叶茳芏湿地；芦苇湿地和交错带湿地土壤的V含量垂直变化特征较为一致，并均于40~50 cm土层出现较高值.芦苇与短叶茳芏的空间扩展整体增加了交错带湿地土壤的V含量，其均值相比短叶茳芏湿地增加了8.69%，而相比芦苇湿地仅增加0.21%.空间扩展主要通过改变湿地土壤的颗粒组成、EC以及植物的生物量、株高和密度来影响土壤的V含量分布.芦苇与短叶茳芏的V生物富集特征呈相反变化，这与二者竞争过程中植被生态特征改变以及其对V的竞争利用方式有关.此外，不同湿地植被均以根的V富集能力最强，且交错带短叶茳芏的V生物富集能力要高于交错带芦苇，这与二者在竞争生境中对V的吸收利用与转运的差异有关，交错带短叶茳芏可用于未来受V污染湿地修复的备选物种.研究发现，芦苇与短叶茳芏为应对空间扩展过程中的竞争可能采取不同的V富集策略，前者通过将富集到根中的V优先转运至光合器官（叶）的方式来保持相对竞争优势，而后者通过将富集到根中的V大量转移到地上主体（茎）的方式来抗衡来自芦苇的竞争.     

A monitoring study of nutrient cycles in soils used for shifting cultivation under various climatic conditions in tropical Asia. II. Nutrient stores in biomass and soil—results of baseline studies

Results of baseline studies of nutrient stores in vegetation, litter, roots and soils down to a depth of 0.75 m at sites in Sarawak (Malaysia) under wet equatorial conditions, Sri Lanka under semiarid conditions and Thailand under monsoonal conditions indicate important quantitative and qualitative differences in the macronutrients (Ca, Mg, K, N, P and S) of the various distinct nutrient reservoirs. Most are related to the independent variables (climatic conditions and parent materials) regulating soil fertility and biomass regeneration.The roles of litter, roots, topsoil and subsoil vary in importance. In Sarawak, fast biomass regeneration and large yearly litter accumulations influence recycling of nitrogen and phosphorus considerably. Topsoil and shallow rooting systems play important roles in this ecosystem, whereas in Sri Lanka, subsoil and deep rooting systems acting as sieves are important media for recycling.The relative importance of nutrient accumulation in vegetation components was found to correspond to the following sequence: trunks<branches/twigs<leaves. Although pathways in recycling differ quantitatively and qualitatively, in all systems the maintenance of tree vegetation and prevention of killing potentially valuable tree trunks during the cropping period in shifting cultivation is probably crucial for the prevention of critical initial nutritional losses from leaching. The accumulated analytical base will be the reference for subsequent monitoring studies.     

互花米草入侵对长江河口湿地CH4排放的影响

为了探讨互花米草入侵对长江河口湿地CH₄排放的影响以及入侵至不同潮位对CH₄排放影响程度的差异及其可能机制,采用邻近互花米草与土著植物群落相配对的试验设计,在长江口东滩湿地的高潮滩和低潮滩各设置1条样线.结果表明,与土著植物相比,互花米草入侵显著增加了长江河口湿地的植物生物量,显著增加了土壤含水量、土壤有机碳含量、总氮含量、微生物碳和氮含量.高潮滩互花米草群落年均CH₄排放强度为（0.68±0.08）mg/（m²·h）,显著高于芦苇群落（0.21±0.01）mg/（m²·h）,低潮滩互花米草和海三棱藨草群落年均CH₄排放速率分别为（8.31±0.50）和（3.93±0.18）mg/（m²·h）,前者显著高于后者.此外,高潮滩互花米草与芦苇群落之间年均CH₄排放强度的差异为（0.47±0.08）mg/（m²·h）,显著低于低潮滩互花米草与海三棱藨草群落之间年均CH₄排放强度的差异（4.37±0.48）mg/（m²·h）.上述结果表明,互花米草入侵通过改善CH₄产生所需底物的质和量,增加土壤含水量和微生物的量,从而显著增加了长江河口湿地CH₄排放量.互花米草入侵至低潮滩增加的CH₄排放量是互花米草入侵至高潮滩的10倍左右,表明互花米草入侵至长江河口湿地对CH₄排放的影响程度可能会有很强的空间异质性,互花米草入侵至更厌氧的土壤环境可能会对CH₄排放的影响程度更大.本研究可为准确估算互花米草入侵对中国海岸带湿地CH₄排放的影响程度,科学管理和合理利用海岸带湿地资源以及应对全球气候变化提供理论依据和科技支撑.