内分泌干扰类农药生物检测技术的研究进展

内分泌干扰类农药会严重影响人类和其他动物的健康,而生物检测技术是内分泌干扰类农药的快速、简便的检测方法.本文介绍了内分泌干扰类农药常用的生物检测方法与技术,主要包括活体试验、离体试验与非细胞试验,并比较了各种方法的优缺点,列举了各方法在国内外环境激素测评中的应用现状,为我国内分泌干扰类农药生物检测技术的开发与应用提供了...     

新烟碱类农药在我国的登记现状及对蜜蜂的初级风险评估

调研已开发的包括吡虫啉、噻虫嗪、噻虫胺、啶虫脒、噻虫啉、呋虫胺、烯啶虫胺、环氧虫啶、氯噻啉、哌虫啶和氟啶虫胺腈在内的11种新烟碱类农药在我国的登记现状。根据已登记的新烟碱农药的使用方法,开展了不同暴露场景下蜜蜂的初级风险评估。结果表明,喷施场景下,吡虫啉、噻虫嗪、噻虫胺、烯啶虫胺、呋虫胺、氟啶虫胺腈和氯噻啉这7种新烟碱类农药在不同作物上使用对蜜蜂的风险商值均大于1,风险均不可接受;啶虫脒、哌虫啶和噻虫啉在所有登记作物上使用对蜜蜂的风险商值均小于1,风险可接受。土壤或种子处理场景下,除噻虫啉外,其余4种新烟碱类农药包括吡虫啉、噻虫胺、噻虫嗪和呋虫胺对蜜蜂的风险商值均大于1,风险均不可接受。评估结果可为新烟碱类农药在我国的登记管理提供科学参考。     

蔬菜水果中的新烟碱类农药残留量与人群摄食暴露健康风险评价

新烟碱类农药是目前被广泛用于农业中的一类作用独特、高效广谱的内吸性杀虫剂,它们在蔬菜水果中的残留对人体健康构成威胁。本研究目的是查明北京市场上蔬菜水果中不同新烟碱类农药的残留量,并对人群摄食暴露健康风险进行评估。从北京市场上采集49种蔬菜和24种水果,采用Qu ECh ERS–高效液相色谱串联质谱(HPLC-MS/MS)法测定蔬菜水果中9种新烟碱类农药的含量。利用测得数据和中国居民膳食结构调查资料,采用蒙特卡罗模拟方法计算了不同年龄段人群的日均经口摄入暴露量的概率分布,并采用商值法计算了新烟碱类农药的非致癌风险。结果显示新烟碱类农药普遍存在于北京市场上的蔬菜水果中。49种蔬菜样品中检出7种新烟碱类农药,其中吡虫啉、啶虫脒和噻虫嗪检出率均达100%,噻虫胺、烯啶虫胺、噻虫啉和呋虫胺的检出率分别为47%、14%、10%和4%。24种水果样品中检出5种新烟碱类农药,其中吡虫啉和啶虫脒的检出率均达100%,噻虫嗪、噻虫胺和噻虫啉的检出率分别为54%、13%和4%。不同新烟碱类农药在蔬菜水果中的含量范围为0.01 ng·g~(-1)~126 ng·g~(-1),均未超过我国食品安全国家标准或美国联邦管理条例中的限量值。小部分(约3%)人群因摄食蔬菜水果暴露于新烟碱类农药的非致癌风险商值大于0.1。新烟碱类农药在蔬菜水果中普遍存在,对人体健康有潜在的风险。     

Pesticides in stormwater runoff−A mini review

• The sources and pathways of pesticides into stormwater runoff were diverse. • Factors affecting pesticides in stormwater runoff were critically reviewed. • Pesticides mitigation strategies were included in this review. • The current knowledge gap of the pesticides in stormwater runoff was identified. Recently, scientific interest has grown in harvesting and treating stormwater for potable water use, in order to combat the serious global water scarcity issue. In this context, pesticides have been identified as the key knowledge gap as far as reusing stormwater is concerned. This paper reviewed the presence of pesticides in stormwater runoff in both rural and urban areas. Specifically, the sources of pesticide contamination and possible pathways were investigated in this review. Influential factors affecting pesticides in stormwater runoff were critically identified as: 1) characteristics of precipitation, 2) properties of pesticide, 3) patterns of pesticides use, and 4) properties of application surface. The available pesticide mitigation strategies including best management practice (BMP), low impact development (LID), green infrastructure (GI) and sponge city (SC) were also included in this paper. In the future, large-scale multi-catchment studies that directly evaluate pesticide concentrations in both urban and rural stormwater runoff will be of great importance for the development of effective pesticides treatment approaches and stormwater harvesting strategies.     

Acute toxicity evaluation of triazophos,deltamethrin and their combination on earthworm,Eudrilus eugeniae and its impact on AChE activity

The acute toxicity of three formula grade pesticides namely, triazophos (an organophosphate, OP), deltamethrin (a pyrethroid) and combined pesticide (triazophos?+?deltamethrin) was determined in earthworm, Eudrilus eugeniae. They were exposed to different concentrations of these pesticides for 48 h by paper contact toxicity method. The LC₅₀ values for triazophos, deltamethrin and of combination were determined as 0.076, 0.031 and 0.065?μg/cm², respectively. To study the sublethal effect of these pesticides, E. eugeniae were exposed to 5% and 10% of LC₅₀ of pesticides for 48 h. Morphological alterations such as coiling, clitellar swelling, mucus release and bleeding followed by body segmentation were observed in exposed earthworm. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity assayed in different regions of body segment exhibited a significant (p?<?0.05) decrease in its activity particularly in the pre-clitellar region as compared to other regions. The altered behavioural responses in pesticides exposed earthworms would have been due to decline in AChE activity of the nervous system.     

六种农药对乙酰胆碱酯酶活性的体外毒性效应

通过体外毒性试验,研究乙酰甲胺磷、巴丹、高效氯氰菊酯、甲基硫菌灵、异菌脲和哒螨灵6种农药对乙酰胆碱酯酶活性的毒性效应。结果表明,在体外反应体系中, 6种农药均对乙酰胆碱酯酶活性有明显的抑制作用,其中乙酰甲胺磷对乙酰胆碱酯酶活性抑制率随着浓度增高先下降后上升, 1mg·L-1时抑制率最低,为10. 07%;甲基硫菌灵对乙酰胆碱酯酶活性抑制率随着浓度增高先上升后下降, 0. 125mg·L-1时抑制率最高,达60. 32%;巴丹、高效氯氰菊酯、异菌脲、哒螨灵对乙酰胆碱酯酶活性抑制率随浓度增高而上升。     

Sorption of Isoproturon and Dimetomorph on lignocellulose from wheat

The adsorption of toxic chemicals on solid substates is a potential means to clean polluted waters. Here, the adsorption of two pesticides, isoproturon and dimetomorph, on lignocellulose extracted from wheat straw is investigated at 20 °C using batch adsorption experiments. Here, we show that the sorption of both pesticides is independent of pH. The sorption capacity of lignocellulose is evaluated. We show that the presence of metallic cations has no influence on the retention capacity of lignocellulose towards pesticides.     

Visual disturbances with cholinesterase depletion due to exposure of agricultural pesticides among farm workers

In this study, risk assessment for visual disturbances among farm workers spraying agricultural pesticides in farms have been assessed. A cross-sectional study for the assessment of visual disturbances was undertaken using questionnaire survey and clinical examination among agricultural workers exposed to pesticides. Two hundred and thirty nine pesticide sprayers participated in the study. The study was compared to 110 controls not occupationally exposed to pesticides with similar socio-economic status. The prevalence of ocular morbidity was found to be 40% among pesticide sprayers which was significantly higher (p?p?相似文献   

农药在环境中的水解机理及其影响因子研究进展

农药的水降解与其在环境中的持久性是密切相关的,它是影响农药在环境中的归宿机制的重要依据之一,也是评价农药在水体中残留特性的重要指标。近些年来,国内外不少学者对农药尤其是有机磷、氨基甲酸酯、拟除虫菊酯和磺酰脲类等的水解进行了大量研究,其内容涉及到农药水化学降解机理及其各种因子如pH值、温度和黏土矿物等对农药水解的影响等,并取得了很多新的进展。但是所有这些研究主要集中于实验室内,而对其自然环境中各因子的贡献及其水解机制的了解则相对较少。今后应加强农药在自然条件下的水解动力学与机理以及黏土矿物和腐殖酸对农药在水体中的催化水解研究,以更好地评价农药在环境中的行为与归宿,为农药的合理使用提高科学依据。     

Modified ��-cyclodextrins as prospective agents for improving water solubility of organic pesticides

The drawback of some organic pesticides is their low water solubility. Cyclodextrins are used as agents for improving pesticides water solubility. However, the stabilization of the crystalline lattice can reduces to a large extent the solubility of cyclodextrins, especially β-cyclodextrin. Here, searching for the water soluble β-cyclodextrin derivatives, a set of new “host” compounds were prepared by the reaction of β-cyclodextrin with methyl epoxycinnamate. The reactants ratio was varied in to study the substitution degree of the obtained derivatives. The structure was determined by the ¹H-NMR and FT IR spectra. The average degree of substitution was determined by integration of the corresponding NMR signals and by elemental analysis. The solubility of four selected pesticides: dimethoate, simazine, linuron and thiram, in water with and without addition of the new modified β-cyclodextrin was measured by ultraviolet spectrophotometry. Our results showed that the modified β-cyclodextrins significantly improve solubility of pesticides.     

7种农药对家蚕的毒性评价及中毒症状学观察

采用食下毒叶法,测定了7种杀虫剂对家蚕的急性毒性,并系统观察了杀虫剂处理家蚕后的中毒症状.结果表明:高效氯氟氰菊酯、甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐、阿维菌素、高效氯氰菊酯4种杀虫剂的LC50值均小于0.5mg·L-1,属剧毒级药剂,对家蚕有极高风险性;啶虫脒、毒死蜱和敌敌畏3种农药的LC50值分别为1.2371、1.0438和4.9641mg·L-1,属高毒级药剂,对家蚕有高至极高风险性;家蚕的农药急性中毒症状主要包括吐液、拒食、体缩、摆头、身体扭曲呈"S"或"C"形等,但不同类型农药其家蚕中毒症状表现各异.     

Sediment quality assessment of Beasley Lake: bioaccumulation and effects of pesticides in Hyalella azteca

Beasley Lake is a Conservation Effects Assessment Program (CEAP) watershed in the intensively cultivated Mississippi Delta, USA. Lake sediment quality at three sites was evaluated in 2004 and 2008 for biological impairment and uptake (animal tissue pesticide residues) from 14 pesticides and three metabolites using Hyalella azteca (Saussure). Eleven pesticides and three metabolites were detected in sediment among the three sites in 2004 and all 17 compounds examined were detected among the three sites in 2008, with the herbicide atrazine having the greatest concentrations. Twenty-eight-day H. azteca survival and growth (mg w/w) indicated no survival effects at any site for either year, but growth impairment occurred in H. azteca exposed to sediments in 2004, whereas growth enhancement occurred in H. azteca exposed to sediments at one site in 2008. Pesticides observed in animal tissue pesticide residues occurred more frequently and in greater concentrations in 2004 compared with 2008. Thirteen pesticides were detected in animal tissue pesticide residues in 2004, with chlorpyrifos occurring in the greatest concentrations, and six pesticides were detected in 2008, with p,p′-DDT occurring in the greatest concentrations. H. azteca tissue pesticide residues of seven pesticides, two herbicides, three insecticides, one insecticide metabolite, and p,p′-DDT, were associated with growth.     

Physiological,biochemical and growth responses of Azolla pinnata to chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin pesticides exposure: a comparative study

Cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos pesticide- (5, 15 and 30 ppm) induced effects on growth, metabolic and antioxidative behaviour of Azolla pinnata were analysed after 96 h of treatment. Growth of A. pinnata was increased by 72–76% over the initial mass under control condition. Further, the growth was decreased by 26 and 30% following treatment with 5 ppm of cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos, respectively, compared to control. Whereas, 30 ppm of pesticide treatment caused substantial decrease in biomass accumulation, even less than the initial mass. The Chlorophyll a content was declined at higher concentrations of chlorpyrifos, while carotenoids content increased significantly in the presence of both the pesticides. Photosynthetic rate showed declining trend with rising concentration of pesticides, while an increasing trend was noticed in the case of respiratory O₂ consumption. The oxidative biomarkers malondialdehyde, superoxide radicals and hydrogen peroxide increased with increasing concentration of both the pesticides. The activity of enzymatic antioxidants enzyme superoxide dismutase, glutathione-S-transferase and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) was enhanced with increasing concentrations of both the pesticides; however, a declining trend was noticed in the case of APX at 30 ppm chlorpyrifos treatment. The study concludes that chlorpyrifos appeared to be more toxic than cypermethrin; however, both the pesticides significantly reduced the growth performance.     

纳米TiO2光催化降解有机磷农药的研究

通过实验,探讨了用纳米TiO2光催化处理有机磷农药模拟废水和实际应用的有机磷农药的可行性.实验表明,以测定不同时间PO43-的浓度来衡量有机磷的降解率,并以此来衡量有机磷农药及其中间产物降解的程度是合理的.光催化降解甲胺磷和水胺硫磷的结果,显示了有机磷农药的降解率与其结构有关.实际应用的有机磷农药也可用光催化降解.     

长三角地区池塘养殖水产品体内农药类污染与食用风险评价

为了解池塘养殖水产品体内的农药污染情况,以便为水产品质量评价及保障当地居民的饮食健康提供科学依据,本研究采用气相色谱质谱联用法(GC-MS)对长三角地区13个养殖池塘中5类(蟹类、鳖类、蚌类、虾类、鱼类)水产品体内9种有机磷农药(OPPs)、8种有机氯农药(OCPs)以及4种拟除虫菊酯类农药(SPs)进行了检测,并初步分析了其污染来源。结果表明,水产品体内3类农药均有检出,但残留水平均不高,OPPs残留总量为未检出至299 ng·g-1(dw),三唑磷、伏杀硫磷、喹硫磷和毒死蜱较易在水产品体内蓄积;OCPs残留总量为16~82 ng·g-1(dw),主要污染物为六六六(HCHs),主要来自历史残留;SPs残留总量为44~89 ng·g-1(dw),主要污染物为高效氯氟氰菊酯。水产品体内的农药污染可能与养殖池塘中的沉积物污染密切相关。5类水产品体内3类农药的总风险指数(HI)为0.0020~0.046,远小于1,因此,长三角地区由3类农药造成的健康风险处于安全水平。     

太湖水体中5种有机磷农药混合物生态风险评价

有机磷农药是一类广泛分布于我国水环境中的污染物,即使在水体中的污染水平处于规定“安全标准”之下,其联合暴露产生的风险仍有可能威胁水生生态安全。采用基于浓度加和模型与生物敏感度分布曲线的混合物风险商法,评价了太湖水体中敌敌畏、对硫磷、甲基对硫磷、马拉硫磷和乐果5种有机磷农药混合物产生的生态风险。结果表明：2003～2004年期间3个不同时期太湖水体中5种有机磷农药的混合物生态风险商(RQ_m )均大于1,有机磷农药混合物在2003～2004年期间对太湖水生生物构成了一定威胁。     

水体中农药与氢氧基的反应活性及持久性的关系

在自然水体光化学反应中。．ＯＨ是一活跃的自由基,本文阐述了一种测定０膛药与．ＯＨ反应速率的方法及体系,测定了十种中国,美国水田常用农药与．ＯＨ的反应速率;在室内及中国,美国稻田条件下,测定了几种具代表性常用农药的降解速率,并与．ＯＨ反应速率进行比较。     

氰戊菊酯与辛硫磷混合杀虫剂(农满忆)对雄性小鼠精子畸形率和生殖细胞微核率的影响

为初步探讨氰戊菊酯与辛硫磷混合杀虫剂(农满忆)对雄性小鼠生殖细胞的损伤效应,将该杀虫剂对小鼠进行灌胃染毒5d,于第6d取小鼠睾丸细胞进行微核试验并采用精子畸形实验检测小鼠不同时期(第6、14、36d)精子畸形率的改变.结果表明,与对照组相比,该杀虫剂中、高剂量组(60、120mg·kg-1)小鼠睾丸细胞微核率均显著升高(p<0.05),而低剂量组(30mg·kg-1)微核率没有显著变化(p>0.05);中、高剂量组均能诱导小鼠不同时期精子畸形率显著升高(p<0.05),而低剂量组精子畸形率变化不显著(p>0.05).因此,氰戊菊酯与辛硫磷混合杀虫剂能够使雄性小鼠精子畸形率增加并造成雄性生殖细胞微核率升高,有一定的致突变作用.     

有机磷农药二元混合物联合效应评价新方法的研究

以敌敌畏、乐果联合作用于线虫的毒理学实验为基础,基于FH插值法理论,通过较少的实验数据建立有机磷农药二元混合物联合效应模型,求解作用效应表达式并绘制联合效应三维曲面图;基于合并用药分析公式,计算联合作用评价q值并绘制农药浓度与q值的联合作用评价三维曲面图,结果表明敌敌畏与乐果混合物联合作用不仅表现为相加作用,而且还在局部低浓度表现为拮抗作用,与多元统计分析结果一致。上述研究表明FH插值法理论可作为二元有机磷农药联合效应分析及评价的一种新方法。     

Loss of Pesticides from Agricultural Fields in SE Norway – Runoff Through Surface and Drainage Water

Loss of two pesticides with different mobility characteristics, bentazone (Koc 34) and propiconazole (Koc 1800), were studied at three agricultural fields (Askim, Bjørnebekk and Syverud) in SE Norway. A conservative tracer (Br) was used to follow the flow of water. The loss of pesticides varied among the fields, depending on hydrological characteristics and soil properties. The loss of pesticides was higher from two artificially levelled silty clay loam soils with poor aggregate stability (Askim and Bjørnebekk) compared to a loam/silt loam soil with increased content of organic carbon and better aggregate stability (Syverud). The total accumulated loss was <0.5% from all fields. The highest pesticide concentrations were measured at the first runoff episode after application for both the mobile (bentazone) and less mobile pesticide (propiconazole) in the surface runoff. In the drainage water, the peak for the less mobile pesticide coincided with the Br tracer, while the peak for mobile pesticide appeared earlier than the Br tracer. Rapid movement of water, particles and pesticides through soils indicate flow through macropores. Larger proportions (in percent of total applied) of both the mobile and the strongly sorbed pesticides were lost through the drainage as compared to the loss through surface runoff at Askim. Here, it is suggested that macropore flow contribute to the increased loss of pesticides through the drainage. At Syverud, high infiltration capacity reduces the amount of water available for surface runoff, and somewhat higher loss of the mobile pesticide was registered in the drainage compared to the surface runoff. For the strongly sorbed pesticide, however, propiconazole was neither detected in surface nor in drainage water at Syverud. Generally, there was a higher percentage loss of the mobile compared to the strongly sorbed pesticide in both surface and drainage water, which is in agreement with the pesticides mobility characteristics in soil. An exception was, however, the erodible soil Bjørnebekk, where a higher fraction of propiconazole was lost in the surface runoff compared to bentazone. Large amounts of sediment transport from the Bjørnebekk field probably contributed to enhanced transport of the strongly sorbed pesticide.