氧化亚铁硫杆菌对电子垃圾焚烧迹地重金属形态的影响

采用生物淋滤法处理电子垃圾焚烧迹地重金属严重污染的土壤。所用氧化亚铁硫杆菌是从矿坑废水中通过一系列培养、分离和纯化得到。实验结果表明,生物淋滤法可以有效地去除土壤中重金属Cu、Ph和Zn,去除率的大小顺序为Zn〉Cu〉Pb;采用五步连续提取法分析处理前后土壤中重金属的存在形态,结果表明,通过氧化亚铁硫杆菌处理受重金属污染的土壤,可以促使易移动的重金属结合态的溶解（可交换态、碳酸盐结合态和Fe—Mn氧化物结合态）,并使难移动的重金属结合态向易移动的重金属结合态转变。     

丝状菌对生物淋滤去除底泥中重金属的促进作用

利用氧化亚铁硫杆菌(Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans,A.f)对采自株洲霞湾港底泥中的Cu、Cd、Pb和Zn 4种重金属进行生物淋滤实验,在实验中加入丝状菌考察其对重金属去除效果的影响。结果表明,丝状菌可以有效抑制低分子量有机酸对A.f的毒害作用,促进各种重金属的去除。当加入10%(体积比)的丝状菌后,生物淋滤过程中系统pH值在5 d内降低到2以下,Fe2+在4 d内完全氧化。经过10 d的处理,Cu、Cd、Pb和Zn 4种重金属的最高去除率分别达到76.3%、92.5%、52.6%和88.5%,与不加入丝状菌的处理相比,达到最大去除率所需的时间缩短1~2 d,4种重金属中,丝状菌的加入对Pb的去除促进作用最为明显,其去除率增加1倍左右。因此,在生物淋滤处理重金属-有机物复合污染底泥工艺中接入丝状菌对处理效果有很好的促进作用。     

低分子量有机酸对氧化亚铁硫杆菌影响

氧化哑铁硫杆菌生物淋滤修复重金属污染土壤研究报道很少,因为该菌对低分子量有机酸敏感.研究 6 种低分子量有机酸(甲酸、乙酸、丙酸、草酸、苹果酸和柠檬酸)对嗜酸性氧化哑铁硫杆菌 R2 氧化 Fe2 的影响,且利用高效液相色谱法测定沈阳冶炼厂和张士灌区重金属污染土壤中低分子量有机酸的浓度.结果表明,6 种有机酸对 R2 氧化能力均具有抑制作用,且抑制顺序为:甲酸乙酸丙酸草酸苹果酸柠檬酸.其中 R2 对甲酸最敏感,甲酸浓度为0.064 mmol/L时,抑制率达到 60%;浓度为 0.254 mmol/L时,R2 氧化Fe2 的能力完全被抑制.液相色谱分析可知,冶炼厂和张士灌区土壤中有机酸的浓度很低,其中草酸含量最高,分别为 0.04和 0.149 mmol/L.尽管氧化亚铁硫杆菌对低分子量有机酸很敏感,但是试验土壤中低分子量有机酸的浓度远远低于硫杆菌的耐受限度.因此,分离菌株 R2 有望应用于重金属污染土壤的修复.     

基于生物淋滤的城市污泥重金属溶出及形态迁移

利用生物淋滤法处理城市污泥,以生物淋滤过程中pH、ORP(氧化还原电位)变化以及重金属(Zn、Cu、Cd)溶出率为指标,考察淋滤菌接种比例、初始pH、淋滤时间对生物淋滤的影响,并分析了生物淋滤前后,重金属形态变化以及重金属的生物有效性和迁移性。结果表明富集筛选的嗜酸性氧化亚铁硫杆菌(A.f)可有效溶出污泥中的重金属。生物淋滤最佳条件为:初始pH=4.00,淋滤菌接种比例30%,重金属Zn,Cu,Cd在第10天的整体处理效果最优,溶出率分别达到75.30%、50.40%和74.44%。BCR形态分析表明:原污泥中Zn,Cu,Cd主要以弱酸提取态、可还原态和氧化态存在,残渣态较少;生物淋滤之后,3种重金属弱酸提取态、可还原态和氧化态含量有不同程度降低,其中,可还原态含量降低最为显著,残渣态基本无变化,并且淋滤后污泥中重金属氧化态及残渣态所占比例较淋滤前高,污泥稳定性得到提升。生物淋滤可以通过减少污泥中重金属含量和改变重金属形态降低其生物有效性和迁移性。     

生物淋滤对城市污泥重金属去除及形态变化的影响研究

以氧化亚铁硫杆菌(Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans)为淋滤菌,对城市污泥进行生物淋滤,考察淋滤过程中污泥重金属(Cu、Zn、Ni、Cr)的去除及其形态变化规律,并根据淋滤前后重金属形态分布探讨重金属的淋滤去除机制。结果表明,生物淋滤可有效去除城市污泥中的Cu、Zn和Ni,对Cr几乎没有去除。生物淋滤后,Cu、Zn、Ni、Cr 4种重金属的去除率分别为55.97%、47.66%、26.10%、2.10%。pH是影响Zn和Ni去除的主要因素,而Cu在低pH和高氧化还原电位(ORP)条件下更易去除。BCR形态分析表明,生物淋滤之后污泥中Cu、Zn和Ni的4种形态含量均发生了不同程度的改变,其生物有效性和迁移性得到有效控制。通过重金属形态变化规律间接得出,Cu的生物淋滤过程以直接机制为主,Zn和Ni的生物淋滤过程是直接机制和间接机制共同作用的结果。     

氧化亚铁硫杆菌对电动力处理城市污泥中重金属影响研究

分析了氧化亚铁硫杆菌对污泥中重金属形态及对电动力处理污泥中重金属的去除率影响.氧化亚铁硫杆菌处理后的污泥,pH值降低,部分重金属从稳定态转化为可溶态.经氧化亚铁硫杆菌预处理后的泥样和未经预处理的泥样,在同样条件下用电动力处理,处理结果为:预处理后Cd的去除率从61.85%上升到72.54%,Cu从34.26%上升到63.51%,Zn从65.06%上升到7L 22%.预处理对Cu的影响比Cd、Zn大得多.用电动力处理Cu超标污泥中重金属时,将污泥先用氧化亚铁硫杆菌预处理,可有效地提高其去除效果,处理后的污泥有利于农用.     

曝气强度对城市污泥重金属生物沥滤过程的影响研究

以氧化亚铁作为底物,氧化亚铁硫杆菌（Thiobacillusferrooxidans）为主要沥滤微生物,在底物投配比为10 g/L,温度为25℃,污泥浓度为123g/L的条件下,采用5种不同曝气强度对桂林城市污泥中重金属进行生物沥滤试验。结果表明,生物沥滤的经济曝气强度宜控制在每升污泥0.4L/（min·L）,沥滤3 d后,污泥中超标元素Cu、Zn和Cd的去除率分别达到62.53%、67.80%和54.63%,沥滤处理后污泥中残余重金属含量符合污泥农用的国家标准。     

柱淋滤模式下脱硫石膏中重金属组分的迁移特性

采用柱淋滤模式研究了来自武汉和浙江电厂的2个脱硫石膏样品FA1和FA2中Cr、As、Ni、Pb和Hg 5种重金属组分的迁移过程,了解这一过程为脱硫石膏污染防治工作具有指导意义。首先采用改进的Tessier法分级提取脱硫石膏晶体中重金属组分,完成了不同重金属组分赋存形态研究,结果表明重金属组分以氧化物结合态为主,其中FA1中重金属可淋滤态大小为PbAsCrNi,而FA2中重金属可淋滤态为AsPbNiCr。柱淋滤实验中选择p H值分别为4.0及4.5的醋酸-醋酸钠缓冲溶液为淋滤液,淋滤周期为17 d,得到不同重金属淋出率L随时间的淋出特征。结果表明:在本研究体系中各重金属组分淋出率均随淋滤时间有显著增加;淋滤液酸性增强可促进重金属组分的淋滤溶出;重金属组分赋存形态对重金属淋出迁移过程具有重要影响。脱硫石膏FA1中Cr、As、Ni、Pb、Hg以及脱硫石膏FA2中的Pb、Hg的最高淋出量超过《地表水环境质量标准》,在脱硫石膏资源化应用过程中可能对环境造成危害。     

生物炭复配磷酸盐对Pb-Cd污染土壤原位钝化修复的研究

采用小区试验方法,选取生物炭、磷酸盐及两者复配材料作为钝化剂原位修复工业遗留场地Pb-Cd污染土壤,通过毒性浸出方法(TCLP)以及欧共体标准物质局(BCR)连续提取法分析钝化修复效果,以期获取最优化的钝化修复方法。结果表明,生物炭、磷酸盐及两者复配材料均能够有效降低土壤Pb、Cd的生物有效性和迁移能力。生物炭能提高土壤pH,使TCLP提取态Pb、Cd分别降低56.26%和83.54%,生物炭能促进重金属沉淀的形成进而提升残渣态Pb、Cd比例;磷酸盐主要通过矿物沉淀作用促使重金属由弱结合态向强结合态方向的转化,使TCLP提取态Pb、Cd分别降低70.66%、89.94%,残渣态Pb、Cd比例显著提升,进而有效降低Pb、Cd的生物有效性和迁移能力。生物炭和磷酸盐复配材料相比单一钝化剂材料未表现出协同作用,但复配材料在保证钝化修复效果的前提下,能补偿酸性磷酸盐造成的土壤酸化,在修复实践中更具应用优势。     

生物氧化磁黄铁矿产生铁离子

从广东云浮矿山酸性废水中富集获得氧化亚铁硫杆菌(Thiobacillus ferrooxidans),利用该氧化亚铁硫杆菌研究了反应时间、pH、温度、矿浆浓度和矿物粒度对磁黄铁矿生物氧化获得铁离子的影响。结果表明,在29℃,摇床转速200 r/min,10%接种量条件下,氧化亚铁硫杆菌可以明显促进磁黄铁矿的氧化,但反应后期有黄钾铁矾沉淀生成,不利于获得铁离子;控制溶液pH值为2.00,温度在29～36℃范围,可促进生物氧化磁黄铁矿获得铁离子;铁离子量随着矿浆浓度的增大和矿物粒度的减小而增加,优化的矿浆浓度和矿物粒径分别为6%和58μm左右。     

Bioleaching of heavy metals from sediment: significance of pH

Bioleaching process, which causes acidification and solubilization of heavy metals, is one of the promising methods for removing heavy metals from contaminated sediments. The solubilization of heavy metals from contaminated sediments is governed by the sediment pH. In the present study, the significance of pH in bioleaching of heavy metals from contaminated sediment was evaluated at different solid contents of sediments in a bench-scale reactor. Results showed that a temporal change of pH in the bioleaching process was effected by the buffering capacity of the sediment particulates. The variations of pH in this bioleaching process were calculated by a modified logistic model. It was observed that solubilization of heavy metals from sediments is highly pH-dependent. In addition, a non-linear equation for metal solubilization relating pH value in the bioleaching process was established. This allows an easier and faster estimate of metal solubilization by measuring pH in the bioleaching process.     

Bioleaching of heavy metals from livestock sludge by indigenous sulfur-oxidizing bacteria: effects of sludge solids concentration

A technologically and economically feasible process called bioleaching was used for the removal of heavy metals from livestock sludge with indigenous sulfur-oxidizing bacteria in this study. The effects of sludge solids concentration on the bioleaching process were examined in a batch bioreactor. Due to the buffering capacity of sludge solids, the rates of pH reduction, ORP rise and metal solubilization were reduced with the increase of the solids concentration. No apparent influence of solids concentration on sulfate produced by sulfur-oxidizing bacteria was observed when the solids concentration was less than 4% (w/v). A Michaelis-Menten type of equation was able to well describe the relationship between solids concentration and rate of metal solubilization. Besides, high efficiencies of metal solubilization were achieved after 16 d of bioleaching. Therefore, the bioleaching process used in this study could be applied to remove heavy metals effectively from the livestock sludge.     

Influence of initial pH on bioleaching of heavy metals from contaminated soil employing indigenous Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans

Bioleaching of heavy metals from contaminated soil was carried out employing indigenous sulfur oxidizing bacterium Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans. Experiments were carried out to assess the influence of initial pH of the system on bioleaching of chromium, zinc, copper, lead and cadmium from metal contaminated soil. pH at the end of four weeks of bioleaching at different initial pH of 3-7 was between 0.9 and 1.3, ORP between 567 and 617mV and sulfate production was in the range of 6090-8418mgl(-1). Chromium, zinc, copper, lead and cadmium solubilization ranged from "59% to 98%" at different initial pH. A. thiooxidans was not affected by the increasing pH of the bioleaching system towards neutral and it was able to utilize elemental sulfur. The results of the present study are encouraging to develop the bioleaching process for decontamination of heavy metal contaminated soil.     

Retention and distribution of heavy metals in mangrove soils receiving wastewater

The distribution and chemical fractionation of heavy metals retained in mangrove soils receiving wastewater were examined by soil column leaching experiments. The columns, filled with mangrove soils collected from two swamps in Hong Kong and the People's Republic of China, were irrigated three times a week for 150 days with synthetic wastewater containing 4 mg l(-1) Cu, 20 mg l(-1) Zn, 20 mg l(-1) Mn and 0.4 mg l(-1) Cd. Soil columns leached with artificial seawater (without any heavy metals) were used as the control. At the end of the leaching experiments, soil samples from each column were divided into five layers according to its depth viz. 0-1, 1-3, 3-5, 5-10 and > 10 cm, and analyzed for total and extractable heavy metal content. The fractionation of heavy metals in the surface soil samples (0-1 cm) was investigated by the sequential extraction technique. In both types of mangrove soils, the surface layer (0-1 cm) of the columns receiving wastewater had significantly higher concentrations of total Cu, Cd, Mn and Zn than the control. Concentrations declined significantly with soil depth. The proportion of exchangeable heavy metals in soils receiving wastewater was significantly higher than that found in the control, about 30% of the total heavy metals accumulated in the soil masses of the treated columns were extracted by ammonium acetate at pH 4. The sequential extraction results show that in native mangrove soils (the soils without any treatment), the major portion of Cu, Zn, Mn and Cd was associated with the residual and precipitated fractions with very low concentrations in more labile phases. However, in mangrove soils receiving wastewater, a significantly higher percentage of Mn, Zn and Cd was found in the water-soluble and exchangeable fractions. Copper appeared to be more strongly adsorbed in mangrove soils than the other heavy metals. In general, heavy metal accumulation in the surface mangrove soils collected in Hong Kong was higher than those in the PRC, although the metals in the latter soil type were more strongly bound. These findings suggest that whether the heavy metal retained in managrove soils becomes a secondary source or a permanent sink would depend on the kinds of heavy metals and also the types of mangrove soils.     

Electrokinetic enhancement removal of heavy metals from industrial wastewater sludge

An enhanced electrokinetic process for removal of metals (Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, Zn) from an industrial wastewater sludge was performed. The electrokinetic experiments were conducted under a constant potential gradient (1.25 V cm(-1)) with processing fluids of tap water (TW), sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) and citric acid (CA) for 5 days. Results showed that metal removal efficiency of heavy metals for EK-TW, EK-SDS and EK-CA systems are 11.2-60.0%, 37.2-76.5%, and 43.4-78.0%, respectively. A highest metal removal performance was found in EK-CA system. The removal priority of investigated metals from sludge by EK process was found as: Cu > Pb > Ni > Fe > Zn > Cr. The results of sequential extraction analysis revealed that the binding forms of heavy metals with sludge after electrokinetic process were highly depend upon the processing fluid operated. It was found that the binding forms of metals with sludge were changed from the more difficult extraction type (residual and sulfate fractions) to easier extraction types (exchangeable, sorbed, and organic fraction) after treatment by electrokinetic process. Results imply that if a proper treatment technology is followed by this EK process to remove metals more effectively, this treated sludge will be more beneficial for sludge utilization afterwards. Before it was reused, the risk associated with metals of more mobile forms to the environment need to be further investigated. The cost analysis was also evaluated for the investigated electrokinetic systems.     

Feasibility of bioleaching integrated with a chemical oxidation process for improved leaching of valuable metals from refinery spent hydroprocessing catalyst

Bioleaching is considered an eco-friendly technique for leaching metals from spent hydroprocessing catalysts; however, the low bioleaching yield of some valuable metals (Mo and V) is a severe bottleneck to its successful implementation. The present study reported the potential of an integrated bioleaching-chemical oxidation process in improved leaching of valuable metals (Mo and V) from refinery spent hydroprocessing catalysts. The first stage bioleaching of a spent catalyst (coked/decoked) was conducted using sulfur-oxidizing microbes. The results suggested that after 72 h of bioleaching, 85.7% Ni, 86.9% V, and 72.1% Mo were leached out from the coked spent catalyst. Bioleaching yield in decoked spent catalyst was relatively lower (86.8% Ni, 79.8% V, and 59.8% Mo). The low bioleaching yield in the decoked spent catalyst was attributed to metals’ presence in stable fractions (residual + oxidizable). After first stage bioleaching, the integration of a second stage chemical oxidation process (1 M H₂O₂) drastically improved the leaching of Ni, Mo, and V (94.2–100%) from the coked spent catalyst. The improvement was attributed to the high redox potential (1.77 V) of the H₂O₂, which led to the transformation of low-valence metal sulfides into high-valence metallic ions more conducive to acidic bioleaching. In the decoked spent catalyst, the increment in the leaching yield after second stage chemical oxidation was marginal (<5%). The results suggested that the integrated bioleaching-chemical oxidation process is an effective method for the complete leaching of valuable metals from the coked spent catalyst.

     

Evaluation of remediation process with plant-derived biosurfactant for recovery of heavy metals from contaminated soils

A washing process was studied to evaluate the efficiency of saponin on remediating heavy metal contaminated soils. Three different types of soils (Andosol: soil A, Cambisol: soil B, Regosol: soil C) were washed with saponin in batch experiments. Utilization of saponin was effective for removal of heavy metals from soils, attaining 90-100% of Cd and 85-98% of Zn extractions. The fractionations of heavy metals removed by saponin were identified using the sequential extraction. Saponin was effective in removing the exchangeable and carbonated fractions of heavy metals from soils. In recovery procedures, the pH of soil leachates was increased to about 10.7, leading to separate heavy metals as hydroxide precipitates and saponin solute. In addition recycle of used saponin is considered to be effective for the subsequent utilization. The limits of Japanese leaching test were met for all of the soil residues after saponin treatment. As a whole, this study shows that saponin can be used as a cleaning agent for remediation of heavy metal contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from anaerobically digested sewage sludge by isolated indigenous iron-oxidizing bacteria

The removal of heavy metals (Cr, Cu, Zn, Ni and Pb) from anaerobically digested sludge from the Yuen Long wastewater treatment plant, Hong Kong, has been studied in a batch system using isolated indigenous iron-oxidizing bacteria. The inoculation of indigenous iron-oxidizing bacteria and the addition of FeSO4 accelerated the solubilization of Cr, Cu, Zn, Ni and Pb from the sludge. pH of the sludge decreased with an increase in Fe2+ concentrations and reached a low pH of 2-2.5 for treatments receiving both bacterial inoculation and FeSO4. After 16 days of bioleaching, the following heavy metal removal efficiencies were obtained: Cr 55.3%, Cu 91.5%, Zn 83.3%, Ni 54.4%, and Pb 16.2%. In contrast, only 2.6% of Cr, 42.9% of Cu, 72.1% of Zn, 22.8% of Ni and 0.56% of Pb were extracted from the control without the bacterial inoculation and addition of FeSO4. The residual heavy metal content in the leached sludge was acceptable for unrestricted use for agriculture. The experimental results confirmed the effectiveness of using the isolated iron-oxidizing bacteria for the removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge.