中国新增7种禁止进口的固体废物

<正>环境保护部、商务部、国家发展和改革委员会、海关总署、国家质量监督检验检疫总局日前联合发出通知,将7种固体废物从《限制进口类可用作原料的固体废物目录》调入《禁止进口固体废物目录》。这7种固体废物及代码分别为甘蔗糖蜜(1703100000)、其他糖蜜(1703900000)、云母废料     

堆放奶牛粪便7周甲烷排放通量的研究

为了研究奶牛粪便堆放高度、堆放方式和温度对奶牛粪便甲烷排放的影响,基于静态箱-气相色谱法,研究了奶牛粪便在4种堆放处理(堆放高度分别为30、45、60cm的处理和每天加粪6cm至堆放高度约60cm的处理)下连续7周的甲烷排放通量。同时,分析了堆放前后奶牛粪便的理化特性。结果表明:4种处理的甲烷日均排放通量的变化规律大致相似,即甲烷日均排放通量在实验前5天较小,第6天开始逐渐上升并相继达到峰值,之后降低并趋于平稳;4种处理的甲烷日均排放通量为(0.243±0.083)～(0.341±0.145)mg/(m3.h);堆放后奶牛粪便的pH(除堆放高度为30cm的处理外)、干物质、挥发性固体含量均下降,而灰分、全氮、全磷、氨氮、总有机碳和碳氮比(除堆放高度为30、45cm的处理外)均上升;回归分析和Wilcoxon配对法非参数检验结果表明,奶牛粪便堆放高度和堆放方式及温度对甲烷排放影响较大,各处理的甲烷日均排放通量与环境温度、奶牛粪便内部温度(包括奶牛粪便表面以下100mm处温度及奶牛粪便堆放中心温度)均呈指数关系。     

Richtlinien zur Erstellung von Wirkungskataster, UWSF 7/1, S. 57 (1995)

The online version of the original article can be found at     

Qualitative and quantitative cancer risk assessment of 2, 3, 7, 8-tetrachloro-dibenzo-p-dioxin (2, 3, 7, 8-TCDD)

The carcinogenicity of 2,3,7,8-TCDD at multiple organ sites in animals has been well established by several cancer bioassays. Results of two of the most notable of these, the Kociba et al. (1978) rat feeding study and the National Toxicology Program (1980) gavage study in rats and mice showed hepatocellular carcinomas in two strains of female rats and male and female mice. Other tumor sites included carcinomas of the lung, tongue, hard palate and nasal turbinates, thyroid, and subcutaneous tissue. The evidence for carcinogenicity of 2,3,7,8-TCDD in animals is regarded as “sufficient” using the classification system of the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC).

Two Swedish epidemiologic case-control studies (Hardell and Sandstrom, 1979; Eriksson et al. 1979, 1981) reported a significant five- to sevenfold excess risk of soft-tissue sarcomas (STS) from occupational exposure to chlorinated phenoxyacetic acid herbicides and/or chlorophenols. Additionally, several small cohort studies collectively exhibited an unusual cluster of STS, significantly increased over combined expected incidence. Problems with these studies do not appear to be sufficient to discount this excess risk. The human evidence alone for the carcinogenicity of 2,3,7,8-TCDD is “inadequate” using the IARC classification. However, for 2,3,7,8-TCDD in combination with chlorinated phenoxyacetic acid herbicides and/or chlorophenols, the human evidence is considered to be “limited.” The overall evidence for carcinogenicity considering both animal and human studies would place 2,3,7,8-TCDD alone in the IARC category 2B, meaning that the substance is probably carcinogenic in humans. The overall weight of evidence for 2,3,7,8-TCDD in combination with chlorinated phenoxyacetic acid herbicides and/or chlorophenols is regarded as IARC category 2A, also meaning that they are probably carcinogenic for humans.

Using current EPA methodology for quantitatively estimating cancer risks, several animal data sets have been analyzed. Comparing the results, the upper-limit incremental unit risk estimate is 1.6 × 10⁻² for a lifetime exposure of 1 ng/kg/day. This estimate is derived from a lifetime feeding study (Kociba et al., 1978) in which 2,3,7,8-TCDD induced tumors of the liver, lungs, hard palate, and nasal turbinates in female rats. Incremental unit cancer risks are also extrapolated for lifetime 2,3,7,8-TCDD exposures in water and air. Based on continuous lifetime exposure to 1 ng/L 2,3,7,8-TCDD in drinking water, the upper-limit estimate of extra cancer risk per individual is 4.5 × 10⁻³. For lifetime exposure to 1 pg 2,3,7,8-TCDD/m³ in the ambient air, the upper-limit individual risk is 3.3 × 10⁻⁵.