Valuation of natural marine ecosystems: an economic perspective

This paper attempts to examine whether information from valuation studies can help the design of policies adequate to reverse and halt the generally poor state of marine and coastal ecosystems of the Mediterranean and the Black Sea. Economic implications of managing coastal and marine environments are thus discussed by assessing the results of different valuation studies implemented in the area. Lessons and policy recommendations from existing literature are inferred to guide marine resources management decisions. One of our main findings is that there are extremely few published studies within the Mediterranean and Black Sea region which highlights the potential for future research on coastal and marine ecosystems ability to sustain different goods and services as a result of climate change and anthropogenic drivers in the area. However, results reveal that there are substantial positive economic values attached to marketed and non-marketed services provided by marine and coastal ecosystems that justify their sustainable use and management.     

中国酸雨的生态影响和防治对策

我国是继欧洲、北美之后 ,在世界上出现的第三大酸雨区。长江以南各省是我国酸雨的主要分布区。酸雨对生态系统的危害日益严重。本文阐述了酸雨对农作物、森林和人体健康的影响。并根据可持续发展的战略思想 ,提出防治对策。     

Effects of organic and soil conservation management on specialist bird species

Bird abundance was assessed on a total of 58 farms across the Seine-et-Marne department, France (12 organic, 19 conservation-tillage and 27 conventional farms). Local abundance variations among the three farming systems were related to two species traits, i.e. habitat specialisation and diet, considering both farmland and non-farmland species. It was found that organic farming favoured specialist birds, either considering the whole community or non-farmland birds only. On the opposite, specialist farmland species were found to be less abundant in conservation-tillage farms than in conventional ones. Invertebrate-feeders were found to benefit from conservation-tillage practices compared to omnivorous species but not compared to granivorous ones; an interaction between species diet and the species specialisation level was also found. Granivorous species tended to increase with the conservation-tillage duration and in particular specialist birds.     

鱼类胆汁PAHs代谢产物在海洋环境污染监测中的应用

总结了国内外近十年应用在指示海洋环境PAHs污染监测常见的几种鱼类胆汁中PAHs代谢产物,对各代谢产物的特点进行了阐述,并介绍了其环境监测中的应用.讨论了代谢产物各分析方法的优缺点,并对影响代谢产物的因素进行了总结.     

三种抗生素对几种海洋微藻叶绿素a含量影响的初步研究

实验室条件下,研究了氯霉素(chloramphenicol ,Cm)、遗传霉素 (geneticin G418)、青霉素 (penicillin)对三种常见海洋饵料微藻:小球藻 (Chlorella vulgaris Beij. ) ,金藻8701(Isochrysis galbana Parke 8701.) 和小新月菱形藻(Nitzschia closterium Ehr.)叶绿素a含量的影响.结果表明: (1) 低于100 mg/L的氯霉素对小球藻和金藻8701叶绿素a含量影响较小(P>0.05);氯霉素浓度大于50 mg/L时,小新月菱形藻叶绿素a含量显著降低(P<0.05) .(2) 不同浓度的G418均明显抑制三种微藻叶绿素a含量的增加.(3) 低于100 mg/L的青霉素能够促进三种藻叶绿素a的增加,相对增长率随青霉素浓度的升高而逐渐下降;三种藻对青霉素的敏感性存在差异.试验结果可为微藻无菌培养体系的建立提供参考.     

氟苯尼考对海洋沉积物酶活性的影响

通过室内模拟实验研究了氟苯尼考对海洋沉积物中硝酸盐还原酶、亚硝酸盐还原酶、碱性磷酸酶活性的影响.结果表明,低浓度(10×10-6)的氟苯尼考对沉积物中硝酸盐还原酶的活性和碱性磷酸酶的活性没有明显影响,高浓度(100×10-6和500×10-6)的氟苯尼考在整个培养过程中对硝酸盐还原酶的活性和碱性磷酸酶的活性产生明显的抑制作用,且随着氟苯尼考浓度的增加和培养时间的延长抑制作用加大.培养前3 d,不同浓度的氟苯尼考对沉积物中亚硝酸盐还原酶的活性均有明显的抑制作用,3 d之后,低浓度(10×10-6)的氟苯尼考对亚硝酸盐还原酶的活性没有明显影响,而高浓度(100×10-6和500×10-6)的氟苯尼考对亚硝酸盐还原酶的活性具有抑制作用.     

Effects of crop diversification and low pesticide inputs on bird populations on arable land

This 6-year experimental study measured the response of bird populations and abundance to combinations of mixed cropping and low pesticide regimes associated with a commercial crop rotation. The results show a rapid and sustained population increase among a wide range of bird species, in contrast to local regional trends for the same species. Seventy percent of the increase occurred within the first 3 years of the experiment, with species of high conservation concern, and those monitored as environmental indicators on lowland farmland in the UK, increasing on average, by 30% and 20% respectively (reaching respective peaks of 44% and 33% after 4 years). For some individual species, the increase was higher still, i.e., 300% (1–4 pairs) for grey partridge (Perdix perdix) and 46% (13–19 pairs) for skylarks (Alauda arvensis) in peak years. The results demonstrate that bird species typical of lowland arable farmland in the UK are responsive to suitable farm-scale changes in habitat and food provision (roughly, manipulation within less than 1-km²). They show that the carrying capacity of modern, commercially viable, arable farmland can be increased significantly for birds, in this case, mainly by using crops mosaics to create habitats alongside the appropriate use of herbicides on non-cropped habitats.     

滇池、洱海、泸沽湖浮游植物研究综述

综述了近年来研究者们对云南滇池、洱海、泸沽湖三大高原湖泊的浮游植物调查研究成果,揭示了湖泊水质类型、富营养化程度与浮游植物的种类、优势种、数量之间的关系。     

Towards a climate change adaptation strategy for coffee communities and ecosystems in the Sierra Madre de Chiapas, Mexico

The mountain chain of the Sierra Madre de Chiapas in southern Mexico is globally significant for its biodiversity and is one of the most important coffee production areas of Mexico. It provides water for several municipalities and its biosphere reserves are important tourist attractions. Much of the forest cover outside the core protected areas is in fact coffee grown under traditional forest shade. Unless this (agro)forest cover can be sustained, the biodiversity of the Sierra Madre and the environmental services it provides are at risk. We analyzed the threats to livelihoods and environment from climate change through crop suitability modeling based on downscaled climate scenarios for the period 2040 to 2069 (referred to as 2050s) and developed adaptation options through an expert workshop. Significant areas of forest and occasionally coffee are destroyed every year by wildfires, and this problem is bound to increase in a hotter and drier future climate. Widespread landslides and inundations, including on coffee farms, have recently been caused by hurricanes whose intensity is predicted to increase. A hotter climate with more irregular rainfall will be less favorable to the production of quality coffee and lower profitability may compel farmers to abandon shade coffee and expand other land uses of less biodiversity value, probably at the expense of forest. A comprehensive strategy to sustain the biodiversity, ecosystem services and livelihoods of the Sierra Madre in the face of climate change should include the promotion of biodiversity friendly coffee growing and processing practices including complex shade which can offer some hurricane protection and product diversification; payments for forest conservation and restoration from existing government programs complemented by private initiatives; diversification of income sources to mitigate risks associated with unstable environmental conditions and coffee markets; integrated fire management; development of markets that reward sustainable land use practices and forest conservation; crop insurance programs that are accessible to smallholders; and the strengthening of local capacity for adaptive resource management.     

Isotopic and anatomical evidence of an herbivorous diet in the Early Tertiary giant bird Gastornis. Implications for the structure of Paleocene terrestrial ecosystems

The mode of life of the early Tertiary giant bird Gastornis has long been a matter of controversy. Although it has often been reconstructed as an apex predator feeding on small mammals, according to other interpretations, it was in fact a large herbivore. To determine the diet of this bird, we analyze here the carbon isotope composition of the bone apatite from Gastornis and contemporaneous herbivorous mammals. Based on ¹³C-enrichment measured between carbonate and diet of carnivorous and herbivorous modern birds, the carbonate δ¹³C values of Gastornis bone remains, recovered from four Paleocene and Eocene French localities, indicate that this bird fed on plants. This is confirmed by a morphofunctional study showing that the reconstructed jaw musculature of Gastornis was similar to that of living herbivorous birds and unlike that of carnivorous forms. The herbivorous Gastornis was the largest terrestrial tetrapod in the Paleocene biota of Europe, unlike the situation in North America and Asia, where Gastornis is first recorded in the early Eocene, and the largest Paleocene animals were herbivorous mammals. The structure of the Paleocene terrestrial ecosystems of Europe may have been similar to that of some large islands, notably Madagascar, prior to the arrival of humans.     

氯霉素对沉积物生源要素生物地球化学循环的影响

研究了氯霉素对沉积物中细菌总教、碱性磷酸酶活性及沉积物呼吸作用的影响表明氯霉素对沉积物细莆总数的影响呈现显著的浓度效应,在低浓度时影响不大,但在高浓度时抑制作用很显著;氯霉素在高浓度下对碱性磷酸酶活性具有抑制作用,且随着药物浓度的增加和时间的延长抑制作用加大;氯霉素对沉积物呼吸作用强度的影响,表现为非持续性的影响,尤其对于低浓度氯霉素来说,随着降解或者抗性种群的增加,呼吸作用逐渐恢复正常.而高浓度氯霉素对呼吸作用的影响时间则要长一些,影响程度也更大一些.     

Effects of environmental factors on the production and release of matrix-bound phosphine from lake sediments

Effects of pH, temperature, and oxygen on the production and release of phosphine in eutrophic lake sediments were investigated under laboratory tests. Results indicated that the elimination of matrix-bound phosphine was accelerated under initial pH 1 or 12. Phosphine levels could reach maximum under initial pH 10. The contents of phosphine increased with the addition of alkali under pH 4–12. The rates of phosphine production and release from lake sediments varied with temperature. 20°C was the most favorable temperature for the production of matrix-bound phosphine. Oxygen showed little effect on matrix-bound phosphine. Matrix-bound phosphine concentrations in lake sediments were concluded to be dependent on a balance of natural generation and depletion processes. Translated from Acta Scientise Circumstantiae, 2005, 25(5): 681–685 [译自: 环境科学学报]     

温度和光照对两株赤潮硅藻生长的影响

利用多因子实验设计,研究了主要环境因子温度、光照对尖刺拟菱形藻(Pseudo-nitzschia pungens)和中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatuma)生长的影响。经ANOVA统计分析(Tukey test),结果表明,在实验范围(温度15,20,25,30℃和光照强度1500,4000,7000lx)内,温度对尖刺拟菱形藻的生长有显著影响(0.01相似文献   

The Early Miocene Cape Melville Formation fossil assemblage and the evolution of modern Antarctic marine communities

The fossil community from the Early Miocene Cape Melville Formation (King George Island, Antarctica) does not show the archaic retrograde nature of modern Antarctic marine communities, despite evidence, such as the presence of dropstones, diamictites and striated rocks, that it was deposited in a glacial environment. Unlike modern Antarctic settings, and the upper units of the Eocene La Meseta Formation on Seymour Island, Antarctica, which are 10 million years older, the Cape Melville Formation community is not dominated by sessile suspension feeding ophiuroids, crinoids or brachiopods. Instead, it is dominated by infaunal bivalves, with a significant component of decapods, similar to present day South American settings. It is possible that the archaic retrograde structure of the modern community did not fully evolve until relatively recently, maybe due to factors such as further cooling and isolation of the continent leading to glaciations, which resulted in a loss of shallow shelf habitats.     

<Emphasis Type="BoldItalic">Osedax</Emphasis> borings in fossil marine bird bones

The bone-eating marine annelid Osedax consumes mainly whale bones on the deep-sea floor, but recent colonization experiments with cow bones and molecular age estimates suggesting a possible Cretaceous origin of Osedax indicate that this worm might be able grow on a wider range of substrates. The suggested Cretaceous origin was thought to imply that Osedax could colonize marine reptile or fish bones, but there is currently no evidence that Osedax consumes bones other than those of mammals. We provide the first evidence that Osedax was, and most likely still is, able to consume non-mammalian bones, namely bird bones. Borings resembling those produced by living Osedax were found in bones of early Oligocene marine flightless diving birds (family Plotopteridae). The species that produced these boreholes had a branching filiform root that grew to a length of at least 3 mm, and lived in densities of up to 40 individuals per square centimeter. The inclusion of bird bones into the diet of Osedax has interesting implications for the recent suggestion of a Cretaceous origin of this worm because marine birds have existed continuously since the Cretaceous. Bird bones could have enabled this worm to survive times in the Earth’s history when large marine vertebrates other than fish were rare, specifically after the disappearance of large marine reptiles at the end-Cretaceous mass extinction event and before the rise of whales in the Eocene.     

城市化对湖泊和港湾环境的影响

全球经济的发展必然经历工业化和城市化。在城市化过程中 ,不可避免地产生工业和生活垃圾。这些垃圾不仅污染土地 ,也污染河流和湖泊 ,特别在湖泊和港湾中 ,由于水流速度变缓 ,污染物容易随着沉积物沉淀下来。又由于气候变化和人类活动 ,湖泊和港湾的沉积物会再次释放污染物而污染水体。这些污染物主要是过量的氮、磷、有毒有机物和重金属 ,由于经济和人文环境的不同 ,在不同地区污染程度有差异 ,目前在发展中国家较为严重。针对这些污染 ,人们用机械的、化学的和生物的方法来治理湖泊和港湾的污染 ,但根本上要从源头控制污染———减少污染物的排放     

干燥方式对沉积物样品有机磷分析的影响

以果糖 1,6 二磷酸和脱氧腺苷三磷酸两种普遍的有机磷化合物为标样 ,探讨了干燥温度的高低对海洋沉积物有机磷分析的影响。沉积物于较高温度下干燥 ,用灰化法分析有机磷时 ,1mol/LHCl浸提 (16h)会引起未灰化样品中有机磷的明显水解 ,从而低估有机磷的含量。据此 ,作者认为 ,样品的干燥应当尽可能在较低温度下进行。     

厦门西港海水质量对鱼卵胚胎发育畸形率的影响

以养殖场培育的花尾胡椒鲷受精卵为实验材料测试了厦门西域5个站位的表层水水样对花尾胡椒鲷受精卵的胚胎发育毒性,并运用GC－MS手段分析了水样中的美国EPA优控的16PAHs组分的含量。结果表明：3号站位（厦门市工业和生活污水主要排放口的外侧）和4号站位（厦门西港的港区）的水样对鱼卵的胚胎发育的毒性最强。8号站位（位于主航道并濒临嵩屿电厂）的水样对鱼卵胚胎发良的毒性次之,1号站位（湾口）和5号站位（内港）的水样对鱼卵的胚胎发育的毒性较小。水样中的PAHs含量分析结果表明,仅用水样中的PAHs含量不能全面地反映水样对鱼卵胚胎发育的毒性。最后,对本实验方法应用于海洋环境生物监测的有效性进行了探讨。