京津冀西北典型流域地下水化学特征及补给源分析

为揭示京津冀西北典型流域地下水循环特征,运用环境同位素和水化学技术等方法分析张家口市不同流域水体氢氧同位素特征、水化学特征及时空变化特征、地表地下水转化关系。结果表明:地表水化学类型主要为HCO3-Mg·Na和HCO3·Cl-Na型;地下水化学类型不同时期表现出不同的类型,水化学类型更为多样,主要以HCO3-Mg·Na型、HCO3·Cl-Na型、HCO3·Cl-Na·Mg为主。地表河水和地下水中离子均主要来源于岩石风化作用;张北和桑干河流域地下水中离子偏向于蒸发浓缩作用控制。张家口市各流域地表地下水δ18O、δD组成较为接近,表明了当地地表水和地下水均受到大气降水的补给。大气降水和地表河水对地下水的补给比例均值分别为37.74%和62.26%,以地表河水的补给为主要方式。     

泾河支流地表水地下水的水化学特征及其控制因素

为研究泾河支流(黑河流域)的水化学特征及其控制因素,2014~2015年先后采集枯水期及汛期地表水和地下水的水样242个,综合运用Piper三线图、相关性分析和Gibbs图等方法,分析了黑河流域水化学特征,并探讨了黑河流域的水化学演化规律.结果表明,研究区水体均呈弱碱性,2014年枯水期地表水和地下水阳离子以Na+为主,分别约占阳离子总量的56%和58%;阴离子以SO_4~(2-)为主,分别约占地表水和地下水阴离子总量的33%和39%;其它3个时期主要地表水和地下水组成阴阳离子均以HCO_3~-和Na~+为主,约占阴离子和阳离子总量的44%~46%和42%~56%.枯水期地表水TDS在上中游波动较大,汛期地表水和地下水的TDS由上游到下游沿河道逐渐增加.由枯水期到汛期,地表水的水化学类型由Na-Mg-Cl-SO4型转变为Ca-Mg-HCO3型,地下水由Mg-Cl-SO_4型转变为Ca-Na-HCO_3型.水化学样品点大部分分布在Gibbs图左中上部,说明流域水化学离子形成主要受岩石风化和蒸发-浓缩作用的影响,而人类活动对水化学的影响在枯水期较汛期更显著.     

基于水化学和氢氧同位素的东宫河流域不同水体转化关系研究

为明晰秦皇岛东宫河流域水环境特征,以该流域大气降水、地下水及地表水为研究对象,通过对水化学和氢氧稳定同位素样品测试及特征分析,揭示其时空变化特征及大气降水、地下水和地表水的相互转化关系.结果表明:①东宫河流域地下水（第四系孔隙水、岩溶水、裂隙水）和地表水（河水、泉水）的水化学类型,枯水期较丰水期丰富.丰水期水化学类型主要以HCO₃-Ca型、HCO₃·SO₄-Ca型和HCO₃-Ca·Mg型为主;枯水期水化学类型以HCO₃-Ca型、HCO₃-Ca·Mg型、HCO₃·SO₄-Ca型、HCO₃·SO₄-Ca·Mg型为主.②研究区第四系孔隙水和泉水的离子含量变化受季节影响较大,枯水期离子含量变化较丰水期显著;岩溶水和裂隙水各离子含量变幅较小,基本趋于稳定.岩溶含水层和裂隙含水层中富含石膏,为SO₄2-的主要来源;Na+和Cl-主要来源于易溶解盐NaCl,Ca2+和Mg2+主要来源于方解石的风化溶解.③东宫河流域地下水、地表水及大气降水之间存在密切的水力联系,针对氢氧同位素的组成分析表明,大气降水为地下水和河水的主要来源;不同泉水补给来源存在差异性,泉水主要接受岩溶水补给,同时也受蒸发作用影响;第四系孔隙水接受大气降水和河水的双重补给;裂隙水主要接受山区降水径流补给.研究显示,东宫河流域不同水体中离子含量受降雨量、温度和地质背景等影响,不同水体间联系密切,相互补给排泄.      

南小河沟流域地表水和地下水的稳定同位素和水化学特征及其指示意义

南小河沟流域为典型的黄土高原沟壑区,本文分析了该流域地表水和地下水的氢氧稳定同位素和水化学特征,揭示了地表水与地下水之间的相互关系.结果表明,大气降水的δD和δ¹⁸O值呈现春夏高,秋冬低的季节变化特征.水库水的δD和δ¹⁸O值的季节性变化规律呈现夏秋高、冬春低的特征.地下水的δD和δ¹⁸O值季节性变化规律相对不显著.流域内地表水和地下水水化学类型主要为Na·Mg-HCO₃型.地表水和地下水电导率的季节性变化规律均呈现冬季高、夏季低的特点.当地大气降水和深层地下水可能是南小河沟流域内地表水(水库水、沟道水)和泉水的主要补给来源.流域内的常流泉可能主要由深层地下水补给,而季节泉,例如,董庄沟和杨家沟的源头泉则可能是由深层地下水和当地大气降水共同补给.     

双河洞流域氢氧同位素特征及其指示意义

为了探究喀斯特区域地表水与地下水的相互转化关系及水-岩作用特征,以双河洞流域为研究对象,分别在2018年12月和2019年6月对流域地表水与地下水进行监测采样。运用数理统计、Piper三线图、回归分析等方法对水样的氢氧同位素组成和水化学特征进行分析。结果表明：(1)旱季和雨季流域内地表水、地下水优势阳离子以Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺为主,优势阴离子以HCO^-₃为主;水化学类型为Ca²⁺·Mg²⁺-HCO^-₃型。(2)流域内氢氧同位素具有季节变化特征,表现为雨季高、旱季低;流域沿程有着复杂的转换关系,池武溪上游以地下水补给地表水为主,池武溪中游至下游地表水与地下水交替补给。(3)流域氘盈余值呈现出旱季低雨季高的季节差异,在水-岩作用的影响下与当地大气降水的氘盈余值变化特征相反,而且水-岩作用强烈的区域与流域洞穴密集分布的特点相对应。     

丹江流域山区地表水-地下水水化学特征及其影响因素

丹江流域是南水北调中线工程重要水源涵养区,深入研究丹江流域水化学特征及其影响因素,对区域水资源保护及合理利用具有重要意义.通过对丹江流域水样采集与分析,综合运用描述性统计、Piper三线图、Gibbs图、离子比例系数法及氢氧同位素的方法,分析丹江流域水化学特征及其影响因素.结果表明,丹江流域水体整体呈弱碱性,主要水化学类型为HCO3-Ca型,中游离子质量浓度及水化学类型变化频繁.流域水体均受大气降水补给,地表水受蒸发作用影响明显,水化学组分受岩石风化溶解、离子交换和人类活动共同影响. Ca2+和Mg2+源于方解石、白云石及石膏等碳酸盐和硫酸盐矿物溶解,农业活动是水中硝酸盐的主要来源.地表水与地下水频繁转化和支流汇入影响是丹江干流空间分布特征差异化的主要原因.     

疏勒河上游地表水水化学主离子特征及其控制因素

在系统收集了疏勒河流域上游河水、地下水、降水和冰雪融水水样的基础上,综合运用描述性统计、Gibbs图和Piper阴阳离子三角图等方法,对疏勒河上游地表水中主离子组成特征及其控制因素进行了分析.结果表明,流域内不同水体(大气降水、河水和地下水)之间的主离子组成以及水化学类型差异显著.河水TDS的变化范围为51.7~432.3 mg·L-1,平均值为177.7 mg·L-1;河水中阳离子Ca2+、Mg2+的百分比为45%和31%,优势阴离子为HCO-3,占阴离子总量的75%,河水的水化学类型主要为HCO-3-Ca2+-Mg2+型;河水中主离子浓度值介于大气降水和地下水之间,并且十分接近地下水浓度,说明地表水同时受大气降水和地下水补给并主要依靠地下水补给;地表水样品的水化学组成落在Gibbs分布模型的中翼偏左端,表明研究区的水化学离子组成受到岩石风化作用和蒸发结晶作用的共同影响,且岩石风化作用对水化学离子组成的影响更加显著.     

店埠河流域地表水-地下水水化学特征及其成因分析

巢湖是我国水污染防治的重点水体,但近年来一直处于较高的富营养化水平.以巢湖二级支流店埠河流域内的地表水和地下水为研究对象,测试不同水体水化学组成和氢氧同位素值,综合运用数理统计、Piper三线图、Gibbs图和离子比值等方法,分析其季节性和空间变化特征,探讨地表水和地下水的水化学特征和形成机制.结果表明,①大气降水是店埠河流域地表水和地下水的主要补给来源,地表水的蒸发分馏效应比地下水更显著.不同时期,地表水比地下水更富集氢氧稳定同位素.地表水和地下水中氢氧稳定同位素均呈季节性变化特征,丰水期相对富集,枯水期相对贫化.②店埠河流域地表水和地下水均为弱碱性水,地表水中各离子浓度明显小于地下水,地表水中阳离子以Ca²⁺和Na⁺为主,地下水中阳离子以Ca²⁺为主,水体中的优势阴离子均为HCO₃^-.地表水的水化学类型以HCO₃·Cl-Na·Ca型水为主,地下水以HCO₃-Na·Ca型水为主.③地表水和地下水主要水化学指标浓度具有一定的时空差异性.从丰水期到枯水期,地表水中TDS、K⁺、Na⁺、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、Cl^-和SO₄^2-浓度整体呈现上升趋势.地下水中Na⁺、Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺浓度整体变化不大,略有增加趋势,Cl^-、SO₄^2-和NO₃^-浓度整体呈上升趋势.从上游到下游,地表水中主要水化学指标浓度呈现先减小后增大的趋势,NO₃^-浓度增幅最大.地下水在径流方向上主要水化学指标浓度整体变化不大,但呈现出排泄区大于补给区的规律.④水体水化学特征的形成主要受水-岩作用控制,同时还受到人为因素影响.水-岩作用主要为硅酸盐岩、盐岩和碳酸盐岩等矿物的风化溶解.污水处理厂污水、生活污水和粪肥等污染物已明显改变了局部水体的水化学特征.⑤与2016年相比,地表水中的NO₃^-浓度已有不同程度地减少,当地政府进行的氮污染控制工作已取得一定成效,但仍需在店埠河下游、部分支流（定光河和马桥河）和部分居民点加强对污水及粪肥的污染防控.     

乌梁素海流域水文地球化学演化及水盐运移

乌梁素海是深受国际社会关注的湿地生态系统保护区。该文以乌梁素海-地下水系统为研究对象,利用数理统计、水化学类型分析等方法探究地下水化学特征及演变规律。基于对区域水文地质资料收集、现场勘测、水样采集分析的基础上,揭示了乌梁素海流域地下水补径排特征,地表水和地下水的水力联系,进而确定出地下水对乌梁素海水分及盐分的补给量,定量分析了地下水补给对乌梁素海的影响。结果表明:(1)地下水从补给区到排泄区,TDS逐渐增加,水化学类型由重碳酸型到硫酸型再到盐酸型;(2)潜水每年约向湖泊补给2 398.7万m~3,76 785.5 t盐分;承压水每年约向乌梁素海补给889.1万m~3,15 895.4 t盐分。(3)地下水对乌梁素海补给量约占湖泊蓄水量11.0%～13.2%,盐量补给约占湖水含盐量的23.6%～28.3%。近年来开展的生态补水工程,初步抑制了乌梁素海"咸化",基本维持了湿地生态系统稳定。     

典型西北山地-绿洲系统不同水体水化学特征及其水力关系分析

开都河流域是西北内陆区典型的山地绿洲系统,其水化学信息对了解区域水文过程和优化水资源配置具有重要意义.基于2020年内不同季节山区、绿洲区多种水体样品的采集及测试,分析了该区域水化学特征及其水力联系.结果表明：(1)研究区水体整体呈微碱性,pH和TDS值呈现绿洲区高、山区低的分布特征;HCO^-₃和Ca²⁺为主要的阴阳离子,区域水化学类型多为HCO^-₃-Ca²⁺型,绿洲区地下水水化学类型较之山区更复杂;区域水化学特征受岩石风化和人类活动影响较为明显.(2)河水δ¹⁸O和δD值呈现夏季贫化、春季富集的季节变化特征,而地下水为冬春贫化,秋季富集;降水和冰川水年内变化不显著;河水及地下水的δ¹⁸O和δD值则表现为绿洲区富集、山区贫化的空间分布特征.(3)研究区地表水和地下水的相互关系密切,且在夏季转化频繁;绿洲区地表水与地下水的转化特征呈显著的时空差异性.研究结果对于我国西北内陆区水资源的优化配置具有重要意义.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.