不同特征污染源中指示性药物和个人护理品识别与筛选

通过分析我国地表水中药物和个人护理品（PPCPs）主要污染源排放特征,识别和筛选出咖啡因、卡马西平和磺胺嘧啶为我国地表水环境中的指示性PPCPs（i-PPCPs）,分别指征城镇生活污水、城镇污水处理厂出水和养殖废水三类特征污染排放源.同时,基于筛选的i-PPCPs开展了初步应用研究,结果表明,生活污水是北运河和黄浦江流域地表水中PPCPs的主要来源.研究结果为构建更综合和有效的PPCPs的溯源体系,识别我国城市地表水环境中PPCPs的主要排放源提供了理论依据.     

高级氧化联合生物活性炭工艺深度净化污水中PPCPs研究进展

污水处理厂传统的二级生化处理对药品及个人护理用品(Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products, PPCPs)等新兴污染物的去除率较低, PPCPs随出水排放会给生态环境带来较大的风险,并会经过生物富集最终危害到人体健康,因此需要通过进一步的深度净化以削减其风险.本文综述了常见PPCPs在污水处理系统的分布特征及生态风险,阐述了高级氧化工艺(Advanced oxidation processes, AOPs)、生物活性炭工艺(Biological activated carbon, BAC)以及高级氧化联合生物活性炭工艺(AOPs-BAC)深度净化PPCPs的净化原理,在此基础上,综述了AOPs-BAC工艺对污水中PPCPs的深度净化效果及主要影响因素,并探讨了AOPs-BAC工艺对污水中PPCPs的风险削减能力,为污水中PPCPs深度净化工艺的研发及PPCPs的生态风险控制提供了参考.     

城市污水处理厂及其受纳水体中典型PPCPs的分布特征及其生态风险评价

近年来,环境中的药品和个人护理产品(pharmaceuticals and personal care products, PPCPs)因对生态系统和人类健康可能造成持续威胁而日益受到人们的关注.以南京市某生活污水处理厂及其受纳水体为研究对象,探究了19种典型PPCPs在城市污水处理系统及其受纳水体中的赋存情况与浓度变化,并利用风险商(RQs)对目标PPCPs的生态风险以及利用急性毒性和拟雌激素效应浓度对整体生态风险情况进行了评估.结果表明双氯芬酸(351.42 ng·L^-1)和卡马西平(258.3 ng·L^-1)是CN污水处理厂出水中PPCPs污染的主要贡献者,雌三醇、双氯芬酸与克拉霉素是污水厂进水中的3种高风险物质,克拉霉素与罗红霉素是出水中的主要的风险物质.城市污水处理系统对大部分PPCPs有较好的去除效果,经过二级生化处理后,除三氯生外的目标PPCPs生态风险均有不同程度的降低,布洛芬由低风险降至无风险,卡马西平由中风险降至低风险或无风险,克拉霉素在冬季由高风险降至无风险,双氯芬酸在夏季由高风险降至中风险,其他PPCPs风险等级虽未下...     

城市污水中有关新型微污染物PPCPs归趋研究的进展

药品和个人护理用品（PPCPs）是最近十年引起关注的新型有机微量污染物，其引起的环境安全风险受到人们越来越多的关注。一些研究发现，城市污水处理厂出水中存在着一定浓度的PPCPs，城市污水排放是PPCPs进入环境的一条重要途径。从城市污水中PPCPs的分析方法、迁移转化和减量化技术研究等三个方面综述了有关PPCPs在城市污水中归趋的研究进展，介绍了我国城市污水中PPCPs的研究现状；并对在我国进行相关研究提出了建议，以期推动相关研究的开展。     

武汉市5个污水处理厂中14种典型PPCPs的赋存与去除研究

近年来,药物和个人护理品(Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products, PPCPs)在饮用水、污水及自然水体中被频繁检出,对生态及人类健康有潜在的不利影响。污水处理厂是PPCPs进入环境的主要途径之一,研究PPCPs在污水处理厂中的赋存与去除具有重要意义。使用高效液相色谱-串联质谱联用仪(LC-MS/MS)分析了武汉市5个不同工艺污水处理厂中14种PPCPs的浓度和去除效率。结果表明：各污水处理厂进水中共检出13种PPCPs,总浓度范围为1 471～2 077 ng/L;污水处理厂对大部分目标污染物的总去除效率达到80%以上,在生物处理工艺阶段污染物的去除效率最好,去除机制主要是污泥的吸附和微生物的降解;各污水处理厂进水中PPCPs的质量负荷范围较高(>103.0 g/d),出水中PPCPs的排放量明显降低(<36.3 g/d)。     

城市污水处理厂及其受纳水体中5种典型PPCPs的赋存特征和生态风险

以5种药品及个人护理用品(pharmaceuticals and personal care products,PPCPs)包括氯贝酸、酮洛芬、萘普生、双氯芬酸和布洛芬为目标物,初步研究了它们在上海某生活污水处理厂不同污水处理单元中的赋存特征和去除特性,探讨了污水处理厂受纳河流中5种PPCPs的分布情况,并对其在受纳水体中的生态风险进行了初步评估.结果表明,5种PPCPs在污水处理厂进水中均被检出,表明生活污水是污水处理厂中PPCPs的来源之一.5种PPCPs在整个污水处理工艺中不能全部去除,微生物转化/降解是主要降解机制.受纳污水河流中5种PPCPs的分布特征与污水处理厂出水中的相似,且排污口下游水体中目标物浓度普遍高于上游,反映出污水处理厂排放可能是其受纳水体中PPCPs的主要来源之一.初步风险评估结果表明,受纳水体中双氯芬酸存在高生态风险,而酮洛芬、萘普生、氯贝酸和布洛芬的生态风险相对较低.     

药物和个人护理品的水环境光化学转化动力学研究

药物和个人护理品(PPCPs)是水环境中经常检出的一类新型微量有机污染物,因其具有潜在的健康和生态风险而备受关注。光化学转化是PPCPs在表层水体中的重要降解途径,且影响其环境归趋和生态风险。本文综述了PPCPs的直接光解和间接光解动力学过程,探讨了pH和水中共存组分对PPCPs光解动力学的影响,对PPCPs水环境光解动力学的研究方向进行了展望。     

上海市生物废弃物排放管理对策与措施研究

近年来随着上海市生命科学与生物技术的快速发展，其废弃物的环境排放带来了生态与健康的安全隐患。本文在全面调查基础上，归纳分析了上海生物废弃物排放现状，并从意识层面、法规层面、技术层面和管理层面分析目前存在的问题，随后提出了上海生物废弃物排放控制的分类分级、环境安全评估、排放许可证发放、就地与集中处理结合、排污申报登记等基本管理思路和相应的管理组织结构体系。此外，结合当前需要，提出近期实施对策措施。     

骆马湖水体中药品及个人护理品的污染特征及风险评估

为评价骆马湖湖区药品及个人护理品(PPCPs)的污染状况和生态风险,利用高效液相色谱串联质谱(HPLC-MS/MS)分析骆马湖表层水体中61种PPCPs的赋存浓度、空间分布特征,并根据风险熵方法进行生态风险评估.结果表明:①骆马湖表层水体中共检出15种PPCPs,其中人用7种,人、兽共用4种,兽用4种,其质量浓度范围为2.67~6 514.91 ng/L.卡马西平(CBZ)、避蚊胺(DEET)、舒比利(SP)、咖啡因(CF)及林可霉素(LCM)检出率均为100%,DEET、甲砜霉素(TAP)及氟苯尼考(FF)的平均值均较高,分别为162.87、61.33和56.72 ng/L.②骆马湖表层水体中PPCPs的空间分布呈北高南低、西高东低的特征.不同类型PPCPs空间分布规律差异明显,人、兽共用PPCPs浓度自北向南逐渐递减,人用PPCPs浓度北部略高于南部,兽用PPCPs浓度在全湖均匀分布.③骆马湖水体中CBZ、CF具有高生态风险,恩诺沙星(ENR)、诺氟沙星(NOR)、磺胺嘧啶(SD)、罗红霉素(RXM)及LCM具有较高生态风险,可见骆马湖生态风险主要来源为人用PPCPs.研究显示,骆马湖表层水体中PPCPs浓度水平中等,但其中DEET污染较重,北部湖区应加强围网、围塘养殖管理.      

药物和个人护理品(PPCPs)去除技术研究进展

药物和个人护理用品(PPCPs)是一类新兴污染物,目前已在环境中被广泛检出。尽管浓度很低,通常是μg级别,但是会由于各种工业废水、城市污水排放等,尤其在地表水源中广泛的存在,会影响饮用水安全,同时会对生态环境、人体健康造成不同程度的损害。因此针对环境中PPCPs的处理技术已经成为环境等领域的研究热点。结合PPCPs的特点及在环境中的分布现状,并分析了不同的技术在国内外的研究进展与方法,文章主要对目前国内外常规处理和深度处理方法去除PPCPs污染物的研究进展进行概述。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.