国内信息

上海环境管理体系审核中心 对企业开展培训 为加快推动环境管理体系的贯标工作,上海市环境科学研究院作为上海市政府推进ISO14001贯标工作的技术支持单位,自1996年始举办了各种类型的ISO14000标准培训班近30期。根据已获证企业和正在实施环境管理体系的企业不同的培训需求,环境管理体系审核中心将于1999年7月～9月开设下列课程: (1)ISO14000标准宣贯班内容:a.ISO14000标准产生的背景、发展趋势及实施的意义(绿色贸易壁垒有关信息),ISO14000标准的构成及特点;b.ISO 14001标准概述;c.企业贯标实施步骤,环境管理体系认证过程,环境标志认证有关信息。     

施工企业建立环境管理体系难点与对策

全国许多企业已经把保护地球,造福子孙,贯彻ISO14001环境管理体系标准,建立环境管理体系的工作提到了重要的日程.在贯彻ISO14001国际环境管理体系标准,建立和实施环境管理文件化体系的过程中,有的企业遇到了许多难点.本文针对建筑施工企业建立和实施环境管理体系遇到的难点和应采取的对策做一浅谈.     

清洁生产技术在实施环境管理体系中的应用

随着社会的发展和科技的进步,ISO9000、ISO14000和OHSAS18000三大管理体系为企业在质量、环境和职业健康安全管理方面提供了具有可操作性的执行依据和一个成熟的管理模式.ISO14000标准开宗明义是"旨在为组织规定有效的环境管理体系要素,它们可与其他管理要求相结合,帮助组织实现环境目标和经济目标."它更强调的是按规定有效的环境管理体系要素建立一个结构化的管理体系.而清洁生产技术则更注重产品和产品生产过程的环境影响,它以生产过程为主体,考虑对其产生环境影响的各个方面,即从原材料投入到产品产出,直至到产品最终处置的"从摇篮到坟墓"全生命周期的环境影响,依靠改进技术工艺和加强管理等措施来消除污染,达到节能降耗,减污增效的目的.还可以避免企业实施环境管理体系(EMS)运行与日常管理的"两层皮"的现象,减少实施中的表面文章,促使企业用更多的时间和精力去追求环境绩效.     

大亚湾核电站ISO14001环境管理体系

1、体系的建立和认证 1996年,国际标准化组织(ISO)为保护人类生存环境,规范组织的环境行为,制定了ISO14000环境管理体系系列标准,其中ISO14001是ISO14000系列标准中的主体标准,是企业建立环境管理体系的基本要求,也是环境管理体系第三方审核认证的依据。ISO14000标准颁布后,国家环保总局迅速开始在我国推广和实施。1996年9月,经国家环保局批准,广东核电合营有限公司成为全国第二批环境管理体系认证试点企业。ISO14000标准的实施和大亚湾核电站追求的目标是一致的,借此东风,公司决定实施ISO14001认证,把公司的环境管     

大亚湾核电站ISO14001环境管理体系

1996年,国际标准化组织(ISO)为保护人类生存环境,规范组织的环境行为。制定了ISO14000环境管理体系系列标准．其中ISO14001是ISO14000系列标准中的主体标准,是企业建立环境管理体系的基本要求,也是环境管理体系第三方审核认证的依据。ISO14000标准颁布后,国家环保总局迅速开始在我国推广和实施。1996年9月,经国家环保局批准,广东核电合营有限公司成为全国第二批环境管理体系认证试点企业。．ISO14000标准的实施和大亚湾核电站追求的目标是一致的,借此东风．公司决定实施ISO14001认证,把公司的环境管理工作提高到一个新的水平。     

论环境管理体系对钢铁企业的环境管理的作用

ISO14001环境管理体系标准是组织规划、实施、检查、评审企业环境管理运作系统的规范性标准.目前,在国际上已广泛应用于钢铁行业的环境管理,是钢铁企业评价环境风险、环境管理现状及所取得绩效的重要手段,有助于降低企业环境风险管控成本.因此,规模较大的钢铁企业普遍通过ISO14001环境管理体系标准认证.     

甘肃省ISO14000环境管理体系认证市场调查分析

通过甘肃省企业对ISO14000环境管理体系实施状况的调查，阐述了企业实施ISO14000系列标准的重要性，掌握了甘肃省实施ISO14000系列标准的现状，并针对存在的问题进行分析，对市场发展方向进行预测，对甘肃省实施ISO14000环境管理体系的可行性进行了分析论证。借鉴发达省市的先进经验，结合我省的特点，提出了“标准”实施的对策、建议及办法。以推动甘肃省的ISO14000环境管理体系认证工作的进程。     

关于几种重要环境因素评价方法的探讨

组织实施ISO14001标准是全面提升组织形象、降低成本、改善环境管理的有力武器,也是企业发展,走向国际市场的一种途径.在建立环境管理体系的过程中,重要环境因素的评价尤其重要,它是一个组织制定方针,目标、指标和环境管理方案的重要依据.     

应用PDCA循环过程试析企业推行环境管理体系中常见问题

从ISO14001：1996版标准发布以来。国内有许多企业都积极投入到环境管理体系的推行中。目前，ISO14001：2004新版标准已开始全面推广。企业又积极投入到新版标准认证的过程中。笔经历了从旧版审核到新旧版转换审核以及新版审核的全过程，从审核角度看，企业在建立与实施环境管理体系过程中最主要的困难在于对管理体系部分关键要素的理解与应用不当．如重要环境因素的评价、目标指标和方案的确立、培训的需求、与外部的信息交流、件架构的建立、运行控制的要求以及应急准备与响应、监视和测量的需求以及合规性评价等。以下本将从PDCA循环过程分析企业环境管理体系建立与实施过程中常见的问题，并将改善的思路提供给企业参考，以期帮助企业减少在实施中的错误及摸索。     

实施ISO14001标准是企业面临的机遇与挑战

目前 ,在企业建立环境管理体系并通过ＩＳＯ１４００１标准认证 ,已成为众多有远见卓识的企业家所追求的目标。随着认证工作的推广与深入 ,越来越多的企业加入到获证队伍中来。这些企业在建立环境管理体系和通过ＩＳＯ１４００１认证的过程中 ,通过对组织中环境因素的控制 ,实现了环境绩效的持续改进 ,表现了自己优秀的管理水平和良好的企业形象 ,从而也提高了占领市场的能力。应该说 ,实施ＩＳＯ１４００１标准是企业面临的机遇与挑战。ＩＳＯ１４００１标准要求对企业的生产全过程进行有效控制 ,并通过目标设定、管理方案、运行控制等方法…     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.