协同创新科技助力打赢蓝天保卫战

如何统筹运用“科技创新”和“协同治理”来有效支撑精准治污、科学治污和依法治污是我国大气污染防治面临的挑战。本文梳理了协同创新助力大气污染防治的重要意义,指出当前我国大气污染协同治理在区域部门间权责利不匹配、科技支撑协同创新不足等方面仍然面临着深层次的问题和瓶颈。以大气重污染成因与治理攻关项目为例,系统分析了该项目在改善大气污染协同治理方面进行的有益探索,提出深入推进大气污染协同治理要充分应用大气污染防治协同治理的政策工具、开展多尺度多目标的协同控制、构建生态环境领域集中攻关新型举国体制、正确处理“一市一策”和区域联防联控的协同关系的建议。     

以重点行业治理推动京津冀协同治气

正近年来,随着我国经济的快速发展,环境问题日益严峻,大气污染已从单纯的环境问题上升为民生问题。京津冀地区位于东北亚中国地区环渤海心脏地带,是全国主要的高新技术和重工业基地,也是我国大气污染最严重的区域。2013年以来,国家多部委相继出台了多项政策,要求全面改善京津冀及周边地区的空气环境质量,逐步消除重污染天气。2014年,京津冀协同发展上升为重大国家战略,大气污染联合防治成为协同发展的重要内容。京津冀及周边地区大气污染防治协作机制会议指出,要把治理大气污染和改善生态环境作为京津冀协同发展的重要突破口,率先在大气污染协同防治上取得进展,通过区域协同发展统筹治理大气污染。     

改善区域空气质量 努力建设蓝天中国——重点区域大气污染防治“十二五”规划目标、任务与创新

当前,我国大气环境形势十分严峻,区域性大气污染问题突出,直接影响经济社会可持续发展与人民群众身体健康。《重点区域大气污染防治"十二五"规划》以京津冀、长三角、珠三角等13个城市群的大气污染防治工作为对象,以解决PM2.5污染问题为重点,要求严格控制主要污染物新增排放量,实施多污染物协同治理、强化多污染源综合管理,着力推进区域大气污染联防联控,切实改善环境空气质量,建设清新蓝天中国。     

新中国成立70年来我国大气污染防治历程、成就与经验

自20世纪70年代以来,我国在经济持续增长、能源消耗不断增加的同时,及时缓解了各类主要的大气环境问题,有效避免了欧美发达国家曾经出现的严重大气污染灾害.然而,目前我国仍然面临着大气污染尤其是二次污染的严峻挑战.为此,非常有必要全面梳理与分析新中国成立70年以来,特别是自20世纪70年代至今,我国大气污染防治的历程、成就与经验.结果表明:我国在各阶段的大气污染防治过程中均取得了较为明显的环境空气质量改善成就与较为丰富的污染防控经验,并在此过程中形成了具有中国特色的大气污染防治理论与管理模式,构建了系统科学的大气污染综合防控体系.今后我国大气污染治理工作应进一步明确各级政府主体责任,强化重点污染源治理,继续调整优化四大结构,统筹兼顾,强化区域联防联控,强化科技能力建设,注重大气环境问题预测,加强环境科学与技术研究,共同推进大气污染防治,打赢蓝天保卫战.      

论京津冀大气污染防治协同立法之完善——以区域法治发展为视角

在全面推进法治中国建设的背景下,区域法治发展理论为研究特定区域在发展过程中的法制需求提供了重要的理论基础和分析工具。区域法治发展理论有五个分析维度,包括国家法治发展的整体性分析、区域法治发展的个性化分析、区域法治的实证研究分析、区域的差异性分析以及区域法治发展的功能分析。基于此,对京津冀区域大气污染防治协同立法展开研究,有助于更加清晰地发现区域大气污染防治协同立法过程的内在机理、实际状况、现实需求、问题困境、背后成因等等,以探究京津冀大气污染防治协同立法的有效路径。     

京津冀城市群空气污染的模式总结与治理效果评估

为探明全国空气污染最严重的京津冀城市群的空气污染防治路径与效果,系统整理了2013年以来国家和地区实施的空气污染防治措施,提出了分层跨区多向联动的大气污染防治模式,并基于对比评价2014~2015年13个城市112个监测点的SO_2、NO_2、PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)、O_3、CO等大气主要污染物的监测数据,评价了大气污染的治理效果.结果表明,HCML模式包括由国家-城市群-城市构成的分层纵向联动构架,协同多个省市行政区的跨区横向联动管治方式以及涉及产业准入、能源结构、绿色交通、跨区援助、监测预警和会商问责等内容的协同多向联动机制.通过模式实施,2014~2015年城市群的空气质量显著改善,除O_3外,空气污染物浓度显著降低,高污染范围由北向南显著缩小,其中PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、SO_2、NO_2和CO的年均浓度分别下降17.84%、14.61%、37.55%、4.82%和16.18%;除NO_2外,污染物全年空气达标天数明显增加.在今后的治理过程中,HCML应该转向治理主体多元化轨道;创新排污监管与问责模式,完善公众监督机制;推进京津冀协同立法,精准打击污染行为;针对当前大气污染的核心问题与需求创新治理路径;加强科普宣传,以提升公众环境伦理意识保障源头减排.     

大气污染治理中区域协同立法的问题

目前,我国地方大气污染治理还处于地方政府在各自行政区划范围内进行立法和承担环境责任的状态,区域间联防联控机制的法治化运行还存在一些问题。2015年我国《大气污染防治法》修订时虽然对区域间联防联控进行了专门规定,但可操作性不强。改善区域间大气污染联合防治机制,还需要对大气污染严重区域加强协同立法,完善地方政府的主体责任。同时,也要加强对区域协同立法的合法性规制,促进依法立法。     

我国大气污染协同防控理论框架初探

我国大气污染防治工作在“十三五”期间取得了可喜成绩,PM_2.5浓度及重污染天数大幅降低,与此同时,我国城市地区臭氧(O₃)污染问题凸显,说明我国大气污染格局发生了深刻变化. 当前,PM_2.5与O₃成为影响我国城市和区域空气质量的主要因子,二者的协同控制是我国持续改善空气质量的焦点,也成为我国“十四五”期间大气污染防治工作的重点. 本文通过对国内外PM_2.5和O₃协同控制进展的梳理,总结我国大气复合污染协同治理的现状与挑战,从协同防控目标、核心协同任务、重点支撑保障等角度提出大气复合污染协同治理的理论框架,并对我国PM_2.5与O₃协同控制工作提出以下几点建议:①坚持科学精准治气;②坚持综合系统治气;③坚持严格依法治气;④坚持多维协同治气.      

"双碳"背景下京津冀大气污染协同治理研究

我国自2020年9月提出应对气候变化的"双碳"目标后,已经正式进入了"双碳"时代.这意味着对大气污染防治提出了更高的标准和更严格的要求.大气污染的区域性和复杂性等特征使得单一治理早已不能满足治理需要,协同治理被视为一种新的治理模式.文章从多角度论述了协同治理应用于大气污染治理的必要性,立足于京津冀大气污染治理的现状和困...     

欧盟大气污染物排放清单管理经验及启示

大气污染排放清单是欧洲大气污染防治的重要抓手。本文介绍了欧盟大气污染排放清单的法律基础,分析了欧盟通过建立清单管理流程、统一规范技术方法、协同管理和使用排放数据、公开污染源信息等措施,总结了欧盟对大气污染物排放清单进行科学管理和精准管控的经验,为我国大气污染防治工作提供参考。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.