前寒武纪大陆地壳构造──大陆壳体并合构造模式

根据星子理论和地球的星子堆积模型．以及地质演化两阶段模式和区域演化序列的差异，提出一种综合地质构造单元：大陆壳体。大陆克拉通内部壳体具独特的共合构造特征．文章将该构造模式称为大陆壳体并合构造（Juxtaposition-Coales-enceContinental-CrustoterraneTectonics），作为研究大陆克拉通地壳形成、演化的工作模式。作者在系统分析全球大陆克拉通地质、地球化学资料和对中国东部板内地壳构造研究基础上，将大陆克拉通地壳划分为若干类型．并总结了不同类型地壳区的区域演化序列，及并合带的类型、特征和演化，对全球大陆克拉通地壳构造以并合构造模式作了初步分析。     

华南大陆地壳生长过程与地幔柱构造

该专著是作者长期在华南地区工作成果的总结。通过“八五”期间所作的“皖南前震旦纪变质火山沉积岩系中CU、＊b、Zn富集成矿条件的研究”、地矿部重大攻关项目“东南沿海基底变质杂岩及其对成矿作用的意义”、“华南大陆深部地壳结构及其演化（南区）”、互间00万“东南沿海基底构造图”的编制等工作的资料积累和深入研究，提出了该书的一些新观点和新思路。该专著论述了华南大陆的动力学特征，主要表现为地壳生长和大陆增生以及地慢柱构造，并且比较清楚地记录了25亿年以来大陆根区质量迁移，化学平衡和热历史前进演化的整个过程。通过…     

中国东南大陆边缘裂解─岩浆构造模型

欧亚大陆东南边缘的中生代构造演化模式为NNE-SN构造，EW向扩张-裂解、向东增生和大洋壳大陆化。在裂解过程中有新的岩浆构造地体形成。裂解带的地壳结构：下地壳有高速层、中地壳有中速层和低速层。     

中国东南大陆中、新生代岩浆作用与壳幔演化动力学

本文论述了中国东南大陆中、新生代岩浆作用的多旋回性和迁移性，构造演化与岩石系列和岩石组合的关系。前寒武纪岩石圈制约本区中、新生代岩浆作用和成矿作用，并在三种岩石围岩石学一地球物理综合模型中反映。总结了四个主要构造期岩浆作用源区特征和构造背景，并根据不同大地构造单元在碰撞造山后近南北向刊近北东向伸展裂解，从造山带挤压碰撞向伸展裂解机制转换过程探讨了中、新生代岩浆作用和壳幔演化动力学。     

大陆演化历史中的加积和解体作用

在地球发展的整个历史进程中，地壳的演化具方向性、不可逆性、旋回性、重复性、继承性和新生性。已经确认，地壳和岩石圈的发展取决于加积作用和解体作用的错综复杂过程。加积作用在早期占优势，在太古宙以后就急剧降低，它又被解体作用周期性地中断，并可出现两者并行发展的时期。泛大陆周期性的形成和分解：后太古宙形成了泛大陆（0），中元古代形成泛大陆（Ⅰ），晚古生代一早中生代形成泛大陆（Ⅱ），以及尚未确证的后早太古宙的灰色片麻岩陆块。地壳发展的结束阶段始于中－晚三叠世，即又开始了泛大陆（Ⅱ）的分裂、现代大洋形成和现代大陆分裂阶段。因此，板块构造的地球动力学状态早在30～25亿年前就已经存在了。大陆内部的大型构造类型及其构造样式是异常复杂，又是不断变化的。     

中国东南沿海与西南日本白垩纪-古近纪火山-侵入岩带的地球动力学特征

本文讨论了中国东南沿海和西南日本两条白垩纪-古近纪火山-侵入岩带的地球动力学特征。两条火山-侵入岩带的下火山岩系岩石经受了左旋走滑的韧性剪切变形而形成片理或片麻理构造。中国东南沿海火山-侵入活动的起始时间、动力变形和结束时间都早于日本约30Ma。西南日本高镁安山岩和埃达克岩(120~105Ma)是在大面积白垩纪岩浆作用的起始阶段由大洋俯冲板片在高温条件下部分熔融形成的。火山-侵入活动的结束标志中国东南沿海岩浆岩带是板内环境的晶洞A型花岗岩和以流纹岩为主的双峰式火山岩;在西南日本岩浆岩带是年轻地壳挤压重熔的S型过铝质石榴石/白云母细粒花岗岩和流纹岩,不存在类似华南的壳源S型花岗岩,中国东南沿海没有代表洋壳俯冲的弧岩浆岩。两条火山-侵入岩带的源区都以幔源为主并有前寒武纪再旋回地壳物质加入,它们的Sr-Nd同位素组成表明:随时间推移,中国东南沿海火山-侵入岩中幔源组分增加,而西南日本则相反。华南中生代大规模岩浆活动的开始(170±5Ma)是在古太平洋板块斜向俯冲背景下,大陆岩石圈减薄,陆内深断裂再活化的结果。东亚大陆边缘在晚中生代(120Ma)进入古太平洋板块正向俯冲构造体系,但不同地段的表现不同。     

中国东部岩石圈向东增生的三次大型裂解及地球物理场特征

中国东部构造演化,自1200Ma以来曾发生过两次碰撞、三次裂解。并有向东增生的构造岩浆地体。资料表明:①从中国大陆向东至日本、台湾均为人陆型地壳;②中国东部及西太平洋大陆板块的各微板块之间地壳结构不同;③裂解带的形成是由于热点和地幔对流导致大陆解体;④裂解带均显示出高重力正异常,上地幔顶部波速低、具低速层、高热流区的“裂谷垫”性质;⑤增生的构造岩浆地体同位素组成、微量元素与洋中脊玄武岩的性质有较大差异,裂解带的岩浆为大陆地幔的特征;⑥上地幔特征及岩浆分融、分异均显示出横向不连续。也显示山化学边界层和热边界层的不连续。     

赣东北中生代火山岩微量元素与稀土元素丰度及其演化

本文论述了赣东北中生代火山岩中微量元素与稀土元素在不同岩性岩相及时空上的分布规律:潜火山岩中Au、Ag、Cu、Pb、Zn平均含量高于火山岩,尤以中酸性岩中较高,Ⅰ,Ⅱ旋回高于其他旋回。稀土元素由Ⅰ向Ⅱ旋回,由扬子地体向华夏地体,由爆发相向溢流相、潜火山岩相,由偏基性向中酸性岩演化;稀土配分模式是“L”型,火山岩物质来源于下地壳的部分熔融。     

东南大陆岩石圈板块地体构造

东南大陆的地质构造模型,具有欧亚大陆边缘向洋增生的独特形式。除外来地体之外,或以扩张、地幔上涌,洋壳向大陆地壳转化,并不断向洋增生;或是大陆分裂,地幔柱——热点物质不断注入变薄和破裂了的地壳,形成区域性新的生长构造层,构造岩浆地质体表现为有独特属性的“A型”花岗岩和流纹岩链。这些高DI值的富硅富碱富钠质岩石,出现在欧亚大陆边缘的重力梯度带上。裂解带的地壳结构模式是上地壳存在着重力不稳定的硅铝低速带;中地壳有洋——陆过渡型地壳的“类裂谷型”结构,P波速度为6.3～6.4km/s的中间壳层;在下地壳下部有速度为7.0～7.4km/s的壳——幔混合型高速层;随着“异常”的上地幔的形成,有大范围的热活动和壳——幔边界穹窿,穹窿的地盖比正常区为为薄。由于化学库和化学边界层的横向不连续,可划分出古老基底和后期地质发展史完全迥异的两个亚板块;和以壳层(或幔层)断裂为边界特点的八个地体;一个以分裂为主,并具热点径迹的最新生长构造层的扩张——裂解构造岩浆地体。     

地球上最古老的矿物年龄与太古宙地壳演化问题探讨

近年来,世界上许多地方相继报道了最老的地球矿物年龄,其最大年龄值可达4276Ma±6Ma。这些在地壳最早期形成时保留下来的信息,为研究早期地壳演化提供了重要线索和依据。 根据所报道的最老矿物的寄主岩石特征,推断地球上有最老的硅铝壳,并且它们在3800Ma以前就存在,从而不支持最早期的地壳都是基性的论点。 根据最老矿物年龄研究,可建立地壳早期演化模式。Krner(1989)根据对南非斯威士兰西北部地质及同位素年代学研究提出的早太古宙地壳生长、变形和演化史模式,是一个很好的实例和典范。世界各地前寒武纪地壳演化各具特色,但总体上都不同程度地服从全球演化规律。因此,Krner(1989)建立的模式,对研究世界其它地区前寒武纪地壳的演化具有很好的参考价值。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.