绿色产品质量监管的三方博弈关系研究

在绿色产品质量监管中,政府以提升绿色产品质量安全为目标,第三方认证机构及企业则希望利用现有资源获得最大收益。在信息不对称条件下,第三方认证机构与企业容易发生权利寻租问题。有效解决权利寻租问题是保障绿色产品质量的关键,研究政府、第三方认证机构及企业三者共同参与的监管策略,可为制定符合实际情况的监管对策提供依据。本文首先阐述了政府、第三方与企业各自的职责,政府监管企业生产行为,第三方获得认证后监管企业并受政府监督。在此基础上,建立了政府、第三方与企业关系概念模型,分析三者相互作用的内在机理。其次,运用博弈理论,构建了第三方与企业、政府与第三方及政府与企业间博弈模型,并进行混合策略Nash均衡求解及策略选择分析,研究了影响政府监督、不监督,企业寻租、不寻租,第三方接受寻租、拒绝寻租行为策略的关键因素。再次,重点讨论了政府、第三方与企业三者共同参与的寻租博弈模型,详细阐述了第三方与企业发生权力寻租、政府监督二者寻租行为的影响因素。研究结果表明:1绿色产品质量监管中的寻租行为与政府的监管能力系数、付出成本、对第三方和企业的惩罚力度有关。政府通过降低监管的成本,提高监管能力,加大对第三方与企业寻租行为的经济惩罚,能有效避免二者间的权利寻租行为。2在提高政府监管二者寻租行为效率方面,分为两种情况。当把第三方利益放在第一位时,政府应减少第三方寻租的额外经济收益,提高政府监督的能力系数,同时加大对第三方发生寻租行为的经济处罚;当把企业利益放在首位时,政府应提高企业与第三方权利寻租的成本,加大对违规企业的经济处罚。最后,给出了政府提高绿色产品质量监管效率,妥善处理博弈各方的利益诉求,避免第三方与企业权力寻租的措施。     

水权交易第三方效应辨识研究

水权交易是提高水资源配置效率和利用效率的有效途径,且在不少缺水地区开始实施并日渐活跃.但交易过程中常常会优先考虑交易主体的利益,而交易所影响到的第三方由于没有契约保护,常常未能进入水权交易的博弈过程,第三方效应的存在是对水权市场效率和公平的严峻挑战.本文在研读大量国内外文献研究的基础上,辨识水权交易对不同的客体所产生的生态正效应、当地经济正效应、技术进步正效应三种正效应和水资源供给可靠性负效应、农村经济负效应、回流水量负效应、水质负效应、水源地负效应等七种第三方负效应.通过对这些正、负效应的辨识,揭示水权交易第三方效应的丰富外延,也有助于认识和解决水权交易中的效率和公平问题.     

农村水环境治理行动的演化博弈分析

新常态下,我国环境承载力已经达到或接近上限,农村水环境也存在着"边治理、边污染"和地方政府监管乏力问题,究其根源是缺乏农村水环境治理的内生机制,在中央政府投入大量精力、财力的同时,其他利益相关主体却存在不同利益诉求和行为导向冲突,因而厘清农村水环境治理行动中的主体博弈关系有助于突破此现实困境,形成良好的行动机制。本文利用演化博弈模型,分析了地方政府、企业和农户三方博弈主体在农村水环境治理行动中的演化过程。研究结果表明,系统演化具有多重复杂情景,在良好的演化情景下,只要农户参与治理的意愿高,地方政府最终将趋向于引导行动,企业也相应选择净化策略,三方实现共同治理,农村水环境质量将得到显著改善;相反地,在不良演化情景下,即使农户愿意参与治理、或企业愿意采取净化策略,都无法得到地方政府的支持和系统中其他主体的响应,系统将锁定于不良状态,最终造成农村水环境治理的"公地悲剧";在一般情景下,通过调节各方策略的参数值,发现只要地方政府和企业联合起来致力于通过一系列引导和扶持策略保障农户从参与农村水环境治理中获得切实利益,可使系统跳出不良状态,形成三方共同治理的良好局面。实例分析结果进一步验证了只要政府和企业联合行动以切实保障农户的利益,就有利于促进农村水环境质量提升。据此提出促进三方共同参与、保障农户利益的农村水环境治理行动对策建议。     

供应链环境成本内部化利益相关者行为抉择博弈探析

面对环境污染,供应链环境成本内部化是解决环境问题的重要途径。为明晰供应链环境成本内部化的过程机理,选取中央政府、地方政府、集成供应链系统和消费者为主要利益相关者,基于对主要利益相关者环境价值诉求的识别及行为策略分析,构建了中央政府、地方政府、供应链三方动态博弈模型,并考虑消费者的行为策略对三方博弈的影响。运用三方动态博弈模型解析了供应链环境成本内部化各博弈方的博弈均衡策略以及各利益相关者行为选择之间的相互影响关系。结果显示,个体利益相关者的行为策略会受到其他利益相关者的影响,为保障供应链环境成本内部化的顺利实施,各利益相关者应协同合作。通过对供应链环境成本内部化协同机理的探讨,提出了促进供应链环境成本内部化实施的对策建议,即中央政府应发挥政策导向作用、地方政府应发挥监督主体作用、企业应发挥投资主体作用、消费者应发挥监督推动作用。     

企业绿色技术创新扩散的演化博弈分析

环境污染问题的日趋严重,使社会环境参与者对于企业绿色技术创新的要求不断加深,监督力度也随之加强。政府、创新企业以及公众消费者之间存在相互制约、相互影响的利益关系,同时多方利益相关者的行为准则也将影响绿色技术创新在社会系统中的扩散,因此,探究三方利益相关者对绿色创新行为以及绿色创新扩散的影响成为学者关注的重要问题之一。通过借鉴利益相关者理论,对社会系统中参与企业绿色创新的利益相关者进行利益、权利分析,构建政府、企业与公众消费者之间的三方演化博弈模型,根据演化的仿生学研究,引入Lotka-Volterra模型,探究环境利益相关者的规制行为,对于企业绿色技术创新扩散的演化影响,利用Matlab仿真工具,对演化博弈以及仿生演化模型进行数学推导求解并赋值仿真进行相关分析。结果表明:利益相关者的污染抵制措施在一定程度上,会促进绿色技术创新的扩散;高强度的污染税收、低强度的公众环保宣传与适度的创新激励补偿对企业绿色技术创新的促进效果最明显;公众对于绿色技术创新的推广促进其在社会系统中的扩散,而政府对于绿色创新技术的过度推广,则会降低绿色创新扩散效率。本文的研究对社会环境监管参与者起到一定的启示作用:第一,政府作为绿色创新的推动者及环境监管的权利机关,应注重把握监管力度,合理选择环境规制手段、规划环境规制成本,防止过激手段的实施对绿色技术创新带来的阻碍;第二,公众消费者对于绿色技术创新的推动作用更为广泛,因此,消费者应从自身做起,杜绝非环保产品,不断推动社会绿色创新技术的发展。第三,企业作为绿色技术创新的生产方,应将环境保护作为己任,努力研发环保类产品,减少环境污染及能源的消耗。     

汽车制造业社会责任报告披露现状研究

选取汽车制造业35家企业2007—2016年公开披露的社会责任报告进行研究,重点围绕社会责任报告披露情况和引用的编制依据进行分析。结果表明:汽车制造业社会责任报告数量整体偏少,篇幅差异大,采用多语言以及通过第三方审验的报告较少。报告引用的编制依据类别多、结构不统一,导致报告可比性较差。未来我国汽车制造业社会责任报告数量有待提升,应尽可能统一地采用主流的编制依据和结构模式,并通过多语言版本、指标索引、第三方审验等方式不断提升报告质量,以满足利益相关者的诉求。     

第三届中英高技术论坛在北京召开

为促进中英双方在高技术领域的合作与交流，2005年1月17～18日，由中国科学技术部与英国贸易和工业部联合主办的“第三届中英高技术论坛”在北京清华大学召开。英国贸工部科学和创新部长Lord SAINSBURY与中国科技部副部长刘燕华博士出席了论坛开幕式。来自中英两国政府、科技界、企业界的知名专家学者约450人，围绕论坛主题“中国、英国及技术全球化”，就生命科学、海洋科学、能源与环境、风险资本、电子信息技术、新药研发     

城中村改造利益相关方的利益均衡分析

研究目的:探究城中村改造利益相关者的利益均衡,并以南京市为例进行实证分析。研究方法:利益相关者理论和博弈理论。研究结果:通过探讨城中村改造中政府、集体经济组织和村民、开发商的利益诉求和博弈关系,构建博弈模型对三者的利益均衡关系进行分析,认为经济效益是政府、开发商、村集体经济组织和村民的矛盾焦点,规划容积率是三方利益均衡的关键因素。研究结论:要加快城中村改造进程,政府要科学地制定城中村改造政策,引导村集体和村民自觉参与改造,吸引开发商主动参与改造,均衡参与改造的各方利益,实现各方的合理利益。     

管制、互动与环境污染第三方治理

《中共中央关于全面深化改革若干重大问题的决定》在我国环境政策系统中首次提出了"推行环境污染第三方治理",这是我国环境污染防治工作中前所未有的理念与制度创新,其背后的政策选择与价值判断是要求环境污染治理的理念与路径从管制模式向互动模式的转换。本文的主要目的即在研究管制模式向互动模式转变的背景下,"环境污染第三方治理"的理论基础、现实必要性及其制度路径。文章主要运用理论分析、规范分析、比较分析与价值判断的方法,辨析管制模式与互动模式下环境污染治理理念与路径的差异,归纳当前管制模式下环境污染治理制度的内生缺陷,证明环境污染第三方治理的必要性。本文的基本结论是,在管制模式下以行政赋权、"命令—服从"为特征的环境污染防治制度的内在逻辑体现为,制度目标围绕环境行政管理为主线,制度类型以"命令—服从"为重心,这导致了环保目标悬置与制度异化、运动式环境执法以及执法者与污染者合谋形成法律规避等诸多弊病。管制模式下的现行环境污染防治制度缺陷之原因在于,规制机制断裂与制度抵牾、制度结构的单向性和封闭性以及闭环逻辑导致的制度僵化与规制俘虏。当前的制度现状亟待秉持互动模式为理念进行矫正。我国新修订的《环境保护法》提出的"损害担责"原则为环境污染第三方治理提供了法律依据,环境代执行制度已初具环境污染第三方治理制度的雏形,我们应当从污染防治市场制度的体系化、环境代执行制度的改进、设立清洁水和清洁空气基金和引入环境污染治理等第三方机构等几个方面构建体系完整的环境污染第三方治理制度。     

“生态银行”制度的形成、定位与展开

“生态银行”以特有的“分散-集中”理念、三方主体和“资源-资产-资本”三级交易流程为实现生态资源价值转化迈出创新之步,在符合保护优先原则的基础上,未超出立法边界,具备规范化的制度支撑。目前中国“生态银行”的发展总体上停留于地区之间的交流,多元化的试点运作模式致使称谓略显杂乱,依托于政策支持的试点推广方式导致其在制度与实施层面的规范性欠缺。尤其是模糊的法律定位为“生态银行”的规范化带来前提性障碍,在其影响下法律表达不清、法律依据不足、保障措施不力的三方面困境阻碍了这项有益经验的制度建构。“生态银行”不仅承载着利益衡平的使命,是在环境公平和环境效率有机结合下实现可持续发展的适宜制度,还符合环境立法体系化、精细化的阶段性要求,是以适应性立法实现环境法规范性与功能性动态平衡的理性选择。故应在正确认识“生态银行”法律属性的前提下,将“生态银行”优先纳入市场化生态保护补偿制度,在有条件的地方归入生态产品价值实现制度予以特色规定,作为一项制度化生态环境保护机制与政策性绿色金融机构予以区分。在此基础上,“生态银行”的制度建构应采用“整体思路+路径展开”的方式,遵循“生态补偿-生态产品价值实现-生态银行...     

Ethnosciences––A step towards the integration of scientific and indigenous forms of knowledge in the management of natural resources for the future

Integration of indigenous knowledge and ethnoscientific approaches into contemporary frameworks for conservation and sustainable management of natural resources will become increasingly important in policies on an international and national level, both in countries that are industrialised and those that have a developing status. We set the scene on how this can be done by exploring the key conditions and dimensions of a dialogue between ȁ8ontologiesȁ9 and the roles, which ethnosciences could play in this process. First, the roles of ethnosciences in the context of sustainable development were analysed, placing emphasis on the implications arising when western sciences aspire to relate to indigenous forms of␣knowledge. Secondly, the contributions of ethnosciences to such an ȁ8inter- ontological dialogueȁ9 were explored, based on an ethnoecological study of the encounter of sciences and indigenous knowledge in the Andes of Bolivia, and reviewed experiences from mangrove systems in Kenya, India and Sri Lanka, and from case-studies in other ecosystems world-wide, incl. Australia, Burkina Faso, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Indonesia, Nepal, Niger, Philippines, Senegal, South-Africa and Tanzania.     

Paradoxical ozone associations could be due to methyl nitrite from combustion of methyl ethers or esters in engine fuels

We review studies of the effects of low ambient ozone concentrations on morbidity that found a negative coefficient for ozone concentration. We call this a Paradoxical Ozone Association (POA). All studies were in regions with methyl ether in gasoline. All but one study carefully controlled for the effects of other criterion pollutants, so the phenomenon cannot be attributed to them. One was in southern California in mid-summer when ozone levels are highest. Because ozone is created by sunlight, the most plausible explanation for a POA would be an ambient pollutant that is rapidly destroyed by sunlight, such as methyl nitrite (MN). A previously published model of engine exhaust chemistry suggested methyl ether in the fuel will create MN in the exhaust. MN is known to be highly toxic, and closely related alkyl nitrites are known to induce respiratory sensitivity in humans. Support for the interpretation comes from many studies, including three linking asthma symptoms to methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) and the observation that a POA has not been seen in regions without ether in gasoline. We also note that studies in southern California show a historical trend from more significant to less significant ozone-health associations. The timing of those changes is consistent with the known timing of the introduction of gasoline oxygenated with MTBE in that region.     

湘鄂赣农业资源与专业化区域化方向

湘鄂赣地理位置优越,农业资源丰富,稻谷、茶叶、麻类、棉花、油料、柑桔和淡水产品、禽蛋、肉类等在我国居有重要的地位,因此,大力发展三省农业生产,对我国人民实现小康生活具有战略意义。今后,要加速专业化区域化进程。我们找出生产潜力所在:改造低产田、低产园、低产水面;开发“三高”技术;开垦荒地、荒山、荒水;适当提高复种指数。通过建设,三省主要农产品将自给有余,还可满足国内外市场的需要。努力方向:高效农业开发——综合农业开发,吨粮田开发,玉米带开发,饲料稻开发,山区开发;合理布局农业生产;深化农业商品基地建设,发展综合利用,搞活商品流通;全面提高农业现代化水平,加强农业社会服务体系。     

Prognosis of the spatiotemporal dynamics of ecosystems by means of universal kriging

The use of quantitative data for constructing prognostic maps of the dynamics of ecosystem degradation and restoration by nonlinear simulation methods is a topical field of landscape ecology. This method of dynamic cartography is based on fiberwise comparison of data on the state of Chernye Zemli (the Kalmyk Republic, Russia) in different years and the detailed analysis of the period on which the prognosis was based. For this purpose, materials of repeated aerial and satellite photography obtained during a long period (1954–1993) were used. Comparison of maps characterizing the dynamics of Chernye Zemli between 1958 and 1993 allows prognostic electronic maps for the next 10–15 years (with a five-year interval) to be drawn and land prognosis for the next 20–30 years (1998–2023) to be obtained. Deceased     

Distributions of personal VOC exposures: a population-based analysis

Information regarding the distribution of volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations and exposures is scarce, and there have been few, if any, studies using population-based samples from which representative estimates can be derived. This study characterizes distributions of personal exposures to ten different VOCs in the U.S. measured in the 1999-2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Personal VOC exposures were collected for 669 individuals over 2-3 days, and measurements were weighted to derive national-level statistics. Four common exposure sources were identified using factor analyses: gasoline vapor and vehicle exhaust, methyl tert-butyl ether (MBTE) as a gasoline additive, tap water disinfection products, and household cleaning products. Benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylenes chloroform, and tetrachloroethene were fit to log-normal distributions with reasonably good agreement to observations. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene and trichloroethene were fit to Pareto distributions, and MTBE to Weibull distribution, but agreement was poor. However, distributions that attempt to match all of the VOC exposure data can lead to incorrect conclusions regarding the level and frequency of the higher exposures. Maximum Gumbel distributions gave generally good fits to extrema, however, they could not fully represent the highest exposures of the NHANES measurements. The analysis suggests that complete models for the distribution of VOC exposures require an approach that combines standard and extreme value distributions, and that carefully identifies outliers. This is the first study to provide national-level and representative statistics regarding the VOC exposures, and its results have important implications for risk assessment and probabilistic analyses.     

Long-term increase in climatic dryness in the East-Mediterranean as evidenced for the island of Samos

The Eastern Mediterranean region is among the regions which were predicted to become drier under IPCC climate scenarios. Here, we document a gradual reduction of rainfall and tree growth and the loss of rural springs during the last decades of the twentieth century. Years with severe drought are associated with very low tree growth (dendrochronology) and dry falling of springs as evidenced by interviews with local stakeholders. The paper discusses the consequences of accelerating drought on natural vegetation and agriculture and points at the interaction with fire dynamics and economy, both likely to enhance the drought effect.     

Geographic Variation in the Seasonal Reproductive Strategy of the Mite Varroa jacobsoni in the Honeybee Nest

Variation in the reproduction of Varroa jacobsoni mite was studied in relation to the expansion of the range of its parasitism on the honeybee. Geographic differences in the seasonal dynamics of mite reproduction in the nests of bee families were revealed. Variation in the sex ratio of mites and the factors inhibiting their reproduction at the northern boundary of the honeybee range are considered. The forms of parthenogenetic reproduction in V. jacobsoni are discussed.     

Comparative analysis of the effect of predator odor on morphological and physiological parameters of adult male Campbell hamsters (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phodopus campbelli</Emphasis>) and dwarf hamsters (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phodopus sungorus</Emphasis>)

The effect of long-term exposure to natural excretions of the European polecat on the morphological parameters and hormonal status of adult male Campbell hamsters (Phodopus campbelli) and dwarf hamsters (Ph. sungorus) was studied. Exposure to volatile components of natural excreta of a potential predator did not have any significant effect on hamsters. The combined influence of volatile and nonvolatile components of the polecat’s excretions caused physiological stress in Ph. campbelli, while in Ph. sungorus, on the contrary, an increase in thymus weight and the plasma testosterone level was recorded.     

How Do Groups Solve Local Commons Dilemmas? Lessons from Experimental Economics in the Field

The use of experimental settings to observe human behaviour in a controlled environment of incentives, rules and institutions, has been widely used by the behavioural sciences for sometime now, particularly by psychology and economics. In most cases the subjects are college students recruited for one to two hour decision making exercises in which, depending on their choices, they earn cash averaging US$ 20. In such exercises players face a set of feasible actions, rules and incentives (payoffs) involving different forms of social exchange with other people, and that in most cases involve some kind of externalities with incomplete contracts, such as in the case of common-pool resources situations. Depending on the ecological and institutional settings, the resource users face a set of feasible levels of extraction, a set of rules regarding the control or monitoring of individual use, and sometimes ways of imposing material or non-material costs or rewards to those breaking or following the rules. We brought the experimental lab to the field and invited about two hundred users of natural resources in three Colombian rural villages to participate in such decision making exercises and through these and other research instruments we learned about the ways they solve - or fail to - tragedies of the commons with different social institutions. Further, bringing the lab to the field allowed us to explore some of the limitations of existing models about human behaviour and its consequences for designing policies for conserving ecosystems and improving social welfare.     

Latitudinal variation in size of freshwater pulmonate mollusks (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) in Western Siberia

The size of shells in some freshwater pulmonate mollusk species abundant in Western Siberia (Lymnaea fragilis, L. terebra, Planorbis planorbis, and Anisus leucostoma) is relatively large in the south and decreases in the north. It is supposed that this phenomenon is explained by the fact that the season with conditions allowing the growth of mollusks is shorter in the north than in the south of Western Siberia.