煤气管道带压开孔作业的安全技术保障

鞍山钢铁集团公司(以下简称鞍钢)拥有高炉、转炉、焦炉几十座,煤气管路千余条,总长度可达300 km,遍布鞍钢每个角落,最大直径是西区新2#高炉煤气管道,直径3 500 mm.最长煤气管道是由厂区新1#高炉到灵山厚板厂输送,全长7 km. 如此众多的管道,不可避免要进行管道的维护和保养,特别是要进行煤气管道的改造,即开孔作业.常规的作业方法是:首先在开孔作业管道下方搭设检修作业平台,作业平台须满足相关安全技术要求,其次停煤气,将要进行改造即开孔作业的煤气管道压力为零.     

聚氨酯-水泥带压注水封孔测压技术研究

基于传统上向钻孔测压技术的分析,提出一种新型上向孔测压技术—聚氨酯—水泥带压注水封孔测压技术。该技术利用气体渗透性大于液体的弱点,变传统封堵漏气通道为封堵液体泄漏通道,降低封堵漏气难易程度,提高测压成功率;同时利用水作为动力介质和辅助封孔材料,实现主动测压和钻孔带压注浆,隔绝钻孔瓦斯与外界环境的直接接触,提高系统本身测压的可靠性。通过理论分析及与常用测压技术对比表明,该技术用于煤层瓦斯压力测定是完全可行的。     

一起丙烯罐式汽车泄漏带压堵漏实例析

2004年6月26日在吉林市合肥路公铁立交桥下发生一起严重的丙烯罐式汽车泄漏事故,《丙烯罐式汽车泄漏带压堵漏实例》Ⅲ比较详尽地介绍了该事故的经过及处理事故所采用的带压堵漏技术。本文通过对该实例的分析,认为该实例既有非常成功的经验值得借鉴,也有不足之处或是需进一步改进的地方,以便在类似事故再次发生时,能迅速采取最有效的安全措施和技术手段,在最短的时间内,将泄漏堵住,把事故的损失和影响控制在最小范围内,以确保人民生命和财产的安全。     

带压注浆封孔技术在汪家寨煤矿的应用

为改进汪家寨煤矿的瓦斯抽采钻孔封孔技术,提高封孔质量,针对目前封孔工艺存在的问题,提出以新型无机封孔材料、封孔器为一体的"两堵一注"带压注浆封孔技术。现场的应用试验表明,考察期内试验钻孔平均瓦斯体积分数达到了60%以上,有效提高试验钻孔的封孔质量,为下一步的封孔工艺优化改进提供了参考及建议。     

开孔组合型爆破片

爆破片是压力容器的一种安全附件。作为泄压装置,它具有动作灵敏可靠、耐腐蚀、密封性能好、适应性强等优点。爆破片主要用于介质易燃爆,粘度大、腐蚀性强、反应过程不稳定、安全阀不能胜任的场合。 开孔组合型爆破片属于拉伸类型。它由一个开有通孔及狭缝的金属预拱膜片和一层     

工程常用开孔补强方法的原理探讨及对比分析

压力容器壳体开孔区应力性质和加载方式的不同对壳体强度破坏的形式不同,因此对强度校核需对应采用不同的开孔补强方法。本文基于工程实际,从理论原理和设计准则方面分别探讨了各种开孔补强方法的适用性、合理性及局限性,以期为工程设计人员提供一定的理论指导:等面积法和压力面积法均只考虑薄膜应力的一次静力强度问题,对小开孔补强计算具有一定的可靠性,对大开孔补强计算则均不适用或不可靠;有限元法在大开孔补强中对薄膜应力和薄膜+弯曲应力的评定均比分析法严格;ASME弯矩法对小开孔补强计算具有较高的可靠性,对大开孔补强计算因未考虑绕接管母线方向弯矩的作用而不可靠;有限元法则因无法区分一次和二次弯曲应力,导致对一次应力评定较为保守,而对二次应力评定则偏冒进。     

煤气管道带气抽堵盲板、开孔接管中的安全技术

生产或使用煤气的工业企业常常需要带气抽堵盲板和开孔接管作业。此类特殊作业存在中毒、着火、爆炸的危险性，为了安全、高效地实施此类作业，本文结合企业15年安全作业的实践，系统地总结了作业的方案制定、主要准备工作、作业过程的控制等方面措施和内容，并总结了相关安全技术问题的一些做法和体会。     

泄压 带压堵漏的安全技术

带压堵漏和降压、泄压堵漏是许多行业普遍采用的一门技术。有些特殊情况 ,带压堵漏涉及高温高压、易燃易爆、有毒或剧毒等工况 ,若方法不当 ,措施不良、技术不佳或责任心不强 ,不但堵不了漏 ,反而会扩大泄漏 ,危及生产和人身安全。一、堵漏中应注意的安全问题１.避免燃烧常见的可燃物有氢气、一氧化碳、氨、甲烷、乙烷、丙烷、乙烯、丙烯、丁烯、丁二烯、乙炔、石油气、天然气、水煤气、煤气、汽油、煤油、石油醚、柴油、溶剂油、工业润滑油、二硫化碳、乙醚、丙酮、苯、甲笨、乙苯、甲醇、乙醇、石脑油等。在堵漏时如果这些物质是介质或与…     

木工平压刨床消声孔

四川都江木工机床厂最近制成一台MB904有消声措施的木工平压刨床。消声措施是:在靠平刨刀轴附近的前后工作台,各钻三排φ10毫米的小孔;第一排21个,第二排20个,第三排19个。孔呈三角形排列,对称均匀分布,穿孔率22%。在刀轴转速5,000转/分时产生的高速气流,通过工作台的孔降低气流速度,减弱了噪声的传播。 经测定,距机床1,000毫米、高1,500毫米处,将前后工作台的孔全部挡住,噪声98分贝(A),不挡则为83分贝(A),降低了15分贝(A)。(见附图)。木工平压刨床消声孔@张宏江     

15s带压堵漏

在天津港码头,有这样一支队伍,他们来自不同的省市,拥有不同的学历,他们的身份是劳务工,但这些丝毫不影响他们拥有强烈的安全意识、扎实的操作技能。他们是天津港石油化工码头有限公司流体装卸队(简称流体队)的一班人。     

A modified steady-state model for evaluation of ammonia concentrations behind a water curtain

Water curtain system has been proved an effective mitigation measurement for ammonia spill dispersion. Calculating of ammonia cloud concentration with water curtain was less studied. This paper presents a steady-state calculation model to calculate open and forced ammonia spill dispersion. The formula of ammonia absorption was built and integrated into the calculation model. The calculated downwind ammonia concentrations for open and forced spill dispersion were reproduced and compared with literature using a statistical method. In addition, the relationship between ammonia concentration in water droplet and the droplet diameter was studied. The results display that the formula of ammonia absorption is suitable for calculating mass transfer process between the ammonia cloud and the water curtain. The calculation model presents good performances for open and forced ammonia spill dispersion. This study indicates that the calculation model can be satisfactory in determining the impact of open and forced ammonia spill dispersion and the design of water curtain mitigation system.     

Numerical simulation of ammonia dispersion around a water curtain

Water curtains have been suggested as a way of limiting the spread of ammonia in the event of an accidental release. Several field experiments have already been performed to investigate the interaction between a water curtain and a cloud of ammonia, most recently by Bara and Dusserre (1997, J. Loss Prev. Ind., 10(3), 179–183). Those experiments have been modelled numerically, using the computational code Mercure. The calculated velocities and concentrations agree reasonably well with the measurements.     

水体监测中氨氮测定的影响因素分析

目前,水质监测的范围非常广泛,通常包括易受污染水体和未受污染水体的监测。一般在水质监测过程中,首先需要确定的是科学合理的检测方法,然后对影响该检测方法精度的因素进行综合分析并进行有效监测,当今水质监测中氨氮浓度是评价水质好坏的重要指标之一。基于此,文章综合分析了水体中氨氮浓度检测的基本原理并重点探讨了水体监测中影响氨氮测定的主要因素。     

絮凝沉淀法测定地表水中氨氮的方法改进

本文通过比较监测黑臭河流氨氮时人员比对的结果,对絮凝沉淀预处理过程的关键因素进行了改进。结果表明,直接在离心管中絮凝沉淀、离心、取样分析,精密度和准确度更好,而且方便快捷,值得推广。     

Strain-based design criteria of pipelines

Traditional pipeline design analysis methods presented in various codes are usually based on limit stress criteria. However, these methods may be inapposite to modern steels, especially for displacement controlled loads such as ground displacement load. Strain limits, including ovalization limit, tensile strain limit and compression strain limit, are compared in this paper based upon various codes and recommendations. In addition, most factors of strain limits are also reviewed respectively.     

Study on leak-acoustics generation mechanism for natural gas pipelines

In order to figure out the principles of acoustic leak detection for natural gas pipelines, a study on the leak-acoustics generation mechanism is carried out. The aero-acoustics generation mechanism is analyzed and when leakage occurs the wave equations of sonic sources are developed. The leak-acoustics generated by the quadrupole and dipole sonic sources are then simulated to obtain the laws of the acoustic characteristics. The simulation data are compared with the experimental data to verify the simulation accuracy under variable operating conditions. The results show that the quadrupoles and the dipoles generated by turbulent fluctuations cause leak-acoustics; the main component of pressure perturbations acquired by the dynamic pressure sensor is acoustic perturbations; both the simulation method and the experimental method can be applied to study the leak-acoustics generation mechanism of natural gas pipelines.     

Airbag for the closing of pipelines on explosions and leakages

This paper is a result of international effort aimed at the construction of a device for quick closing of pipelines in the case of explosion propagation and/or chemical leakage. Such a problem exists in industries where flammable substances are transported by pipelines. The basic solution principle was the idea to use airbags similar to those utilized in cars.

Two pipeline applications were taken into consideration: a low-pressure module able to suppress explosion propagation and a high-pressure module to stop leakages from, e.g. natural gas pipeline capable to be used for duct diameters up to 0.6 m, pressures up to 5 MPa and reaction times of 50 ms. It was necessary to construct a new airbag, capable of withstanding up to 10 bar pressure. The choice of material was critical to ensure sufficient strength and chemical resistance while retaining impermeability.

CFD modeling of the bag deployment into a pipe flow and analysis of the bag shapes was also completed. Two gas generators were constructed and tested with novel propellant materials.

Different airbag models were tested to evaluate their effectiveness. Risk analysis approach was applied to evaluate the safety and economic benefits of the new technology in different fields of application.     

重型车辆荷载下埋地天然气管道的安全分析

道路下的埋地天然气管道在重型车辆荷载通过时,管道受力一旦达到破坏强度就可能产生安全事故,造成天然气泄漏而引发燃烧与爆炸的危害,需要进行安全分析来判定重载车辆能否安全的通过道路运输。该文用理论计算和实验检测的方法综合起来分析埋地管道的相关力学参数,然后与管道自身的强度参数进行比较,从而判断埋地管道是否破坏。通过实例验证的方法说明了该方法在类似的项目分析中具有适用性和操作性,并提出了分析方法应用的初始条件。该方法可以作为判断埋地天然气管道在重载车辆作用下的一种安全评价方法,在条件允许的情况下可以利用数值模拟的方法进行比较印证,从而得到更为可靠的判断结论。同时,该方法也为埋地天然气管线在重载作用下的保护提供了基础资料,可以在此指导下更有效的保护天然气管线免受破坏。     

Risk assessment methodology for high-pressure CO2 pipelines incorporating topography

This paper presents a risk assessment methodology for high-pressure CO₂ pipelines developed at the Health and Safety Laboratory as part of the EU FP7 project CO2Pipehaz.Traditionally, consequence modelling of dense gas releases from pipelines at major hazard impact levels is performed using integral models with limited or no consideration being given to weather bias or topographical features of the surrounding terrain. Whilst dispersion modelling of CO₂ releases from pipelines using three-dimensional CFD models may provide higher levels of confidence in the predicted behaviour of the cloud, the use of such models is resource-intensive and usually impracticable. An alternative is to use more computationally efficient shallow layer or Lagrangian dispersion models that are able to account for the effects of topography whilst generating results within a reasonably short time frame.In the present work, the proposed risk assessment methodology for CO₂ pipelines is demonstrated using a shallow-layer dispersion model to generate contours from a sequence of release points along the pipeline. The simulations use realistic terrain taken from UK topographical data. Individual and societal risk levels in the vicinity of the pipeline are calculated using the Health and Safety Laboratory's risk assessment tool QuickRisk.Currently, the source term for a CO₂ release is not well understood because of its complex thermodynamic properties and its tendency to form solid particles under specific pressure and temperature conditions. This is a key knowledge gap and any subsequent dispersion modelling, particularly when including topography, may be affected by the accuracy of the source term.     

Strain hardening effect of CF8M stainless steel in the environment fatigue test under pressurized water reactor condition

To develop a fatigue design curve of cast stainless steel CF8M that has been used in piping material of nuclear power plants, a low cycle fatigue tests were conducted in the environment of a pressurized water reactor at 15 MPa and 315 °C. Cylindrical solid fatigue specimens were used for the strain-controlled environmental fatigue tests. Fatigue life was measured in terms of the number of cycles with the variation of strain amplitudes at 0.04%/s strain rate. This paper focuses on the characteristics of the cyclic strain hardening effect caused during environment fatigue tests of the CF8M cast stainless steel. The process and method of correcting fatigue test data in this paper would be so useful to produce reliable data of environmental fatigue curves for the material in operating condition of high pressure and high temperature water environments.